Pneumomediastinum classification: Difference between revisions

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{{Pneumomediastinum}}
{{Pneumomediastinum}}


{{CMG}}; {{Trusha}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Trusha}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
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==Classification==
==Classification==


Pneumomediastinum is mainly classified according to the cause into 2 groups:<ref name="pmid3784922">{{cite journal |vauthors=Choudary PV, Deobagkar DN, Rao GR |title=Partial purification and properties of the assimilatory nitrate reductase of the food yeast Candida utilis |journal=Microbios |volume=47 |issue=192-193 |pages=135–47 |date=1986 |pmid=3784922 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4332083">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rukavishnikova VG, Chistova NM |title=[The histologic structure of benign giant cell synoviomas] |language=Russian |journal=Vopr Onkol |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=46–53 |date=1969 |pmid=4332083 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
Pneumomediastinum is mainly classified according to the cause into 2 groups<ref name="pmid25774307">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kouritas VK, Papagiannopoulos K, Lazaridis G, Baka S, Mpoukovinas I, Karavasilis V, Lampaki S, Kioumis I, Pitsiou G, Papaiwannou A, Karavergou A, Kipourou M, Lada M, Organtzis J, Katsikogiannis N, Tsakiridis K, Zarogoulidis K, Zarogoulidis P |title=Pneumomediastinum |journal=J Thorac Dis |volume=7 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S44–9 |date=February 2015 |pmid=25774307 |pmc=4332083 |doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.01.11 |url=}}</ref>:
* Spontaneous, also known as idiopathic pneumomediastinum: Predisposing factors are preexisting medical conditions such as asthma, interstitial lung disease, [[COPD]], [[bronchiectasis]], lung [[cysts]], [[malignancy|lung malignancy]], excessive [[vomiting]].
* Spontaneous, also known as [[idiopathic]] pneumomediastinum: Cause of sponateous pneumomediastinum is use of tobacco and recreational drugs such as cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine.
** Another cause of sponateous pneumomediastinum is use of tobacco and recreational drugs such as cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine.
* Secondary pneumomediastinum:  
* Secondary pneumomediastinum:  
** [[Iatrogenic]]: [[Endoscopy|Endoscopic]] procedures, [[intubation]]/[[extubation]], [[central line]] placement.
** [[Iatrogenic]]: [[Endoscopy|Endoscopic]] procedures, [[intubation]]/[[extubation]], [[central line|central vascular access procedure]], [[pleural cavity]] instrumentation, chest or abdominal surgery.
** [[Traumatic]]: Blunt force trauma, penetrating injury.
** [[Traumatic]]: Blunt force [[trauma,]] [[penetrating]] chest or abdominal injury.
**Non-traumatic: Predisposing factors are preexisting medical conditions such as [[asthma]], [[interstitial lung disease]], [[COPD exacerbation resident survival guide|COPD]], [[bronchiectasis]], lung [[cysts]], [[malignancy|lung malignancy]], excessive [[vomiting]].




{{Family tree/start}}
{{Family tree/start}}
{{Family tree | | | | | | | |  A01 | | | |A01= Pneumomediastinum}}
{{Family tree | | | | | | A01 | | | |A01= '''Pneumomediastinum'''}}
{{Family tree | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | }}
{{Family tree | | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | }}
{{Family tree | | | | | C01 | | | | C02 |C01= Spontaneous pneumomediastinum
{{Family tree |boxstyle=text-align: left| | | C01 | | | | C02 |C01= '''Spontaneous pneumomediastinum''' <br>•Tobacco and recreational drug use| C02= '''Secondary pneumomediastinum'''}}
*Asthma
{{family tree | | | | | | |,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | }}
*ILD
{{family tree |boxstyle=text-align: left| | | | | | D01 | | | | D02 | | |D01= '''Iatrogenic'''
*COPD
<br>• Endoscopic procedures<br>• Intubation/extubation<br>• Central line access<br>• Pleural cavity instrumentation<br>• Chest or abdominal surgery| D02= '''Traumatic''' <br>• Blunt force trauma<br>• Penetrating truma to chest/abdomen<br> '''Non traumatic''' <br>• Asthma<br>• Interstitial lung disease<br>• COPD<br>• Bronchiectasis<br>• Lung cysts<br>• Lung malignacies<br>• Excessive vomitting}}
*Bronchiectasis
*Lung cyst
*Lung cancer
*Excessive emesis
*Tobacco use
*Recreational drug use| C02= Secondary pneumomediastinum}}
{{family tree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | }}
{{family tree | | | | | | | | | D01 | | D02 |D01= Iatrogenic| D02= Traumatic}}
{{family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{Family tree/end}}
{{Family tree/end}}


* Pneumomediastinum can also be classified according to the entry of air into the mediastinal cavity: Head/neck/upper respiratory tract, lower respiratory tract, lung, gastrointestinal tract, or external sources. <ref>http://www.pulmonologyadvisor.com/pulmonary-medicine/non-neoplastic-disorders-of-the-mediastinum-pneumomediastinum/article/661012/</ref>
* Pneumomediastinum can also be classified according to the entry of air into the [[Mediastinum|mediastinal cavity]]: Head/neck/[[upper respiratory tract]], [[Respiratory system|lower respiratory tract]], [[Lung|lungs]], [[gastrointestinal tract]], or external environment. <ref>http://www.pulmonologyadvisor.com/pulmonary-medicine/non-neoplastic-disorders-of-the-mediastinum-pneumomediastinum/article/661012/</ref>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category: (name of the system)]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]

Latest revision as of 18:58, 17 December 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Trusha Tank, M.D.[2]

Overview

Pneumomediastinum may be classified according to cause into spontaneous pneumomediastinum and secondary pneumomediastinum. Both the categories have multiple causes.

Classification

Pneumomediastinum is mainly classified according to the cause into 2 groups[1]:


 
 
 
 
 
Pneumomediastinum
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Spontaneous pneumomediastinum
•Tobacco and recreational drug use
 
 
 
Secondary pneumomediastinum
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Iatrogenic
• Endoscopic procedures
• Intubation/extubation
• Central line access
• Pleural cavity instrumentation
• Chest or abdominal surgery
 
 
 
Traumatic
• Blunt force trauma
• Penetrating truma to chest/abdomen
Non traumatic
• Asthma
• Interstitial lung disease
• COPD
• Bronchiectasis
• Lung cysts
• Lung malignacies
• Excessive vomitting
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

References

  1. Kouritas VK, Papagiannopoulos K, Lazaridis G, Baka S, Mpoukovinas I, Karavasilis V, Lampaki S, Kioumis I, Pitsiou G, Papaiwannou A, Karavergou A, Kipourou M, Lada M, Organtzis J, Katsikogiannis N, Tsakiridis K, Zarogoulidis K, Zarogoulidis P (February 2015). "Pneumomediastinum". J Thorac Dis. 7 (Suppl 1): S44–9. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.01.11. PMC 4332083. PMID 25774307.
  2. http://www.pulmonologyadvisor.com/pulmonary-medicine/non-neoplastic-disorders-of-the-mediastinum-pneumomediastinum/article/661012/

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