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==== Overview ====
== Overview ==
Causes of hypoglycemia depend on age; neonatal causes are transient neonatal hypoglycemia, [[Prematurity]], [[intrauterine growth retardation]], [[perinatal asphyxia]]., [[Sepsis|sepsis,]] congenital [[hypopituitarism]], beta sympathomimetic drugs[[Congenital hyperinsulinism|, congenital hyperinsulinism]], [[Infant of diabetic mother (patient information)|infant of a diabetic mother]][[Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome|, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and]] [[Inborn error of metabolism|inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism]]. Cause of adult hypoglycemia are: [[insulin]] or insulin secretagogue drugs, [[alcohol]], hepatic, renal, or cardiac failure, sepsis, non-islet cell pancreatic tumors, [[insulinoma]], reactive hypoglycemia, post [[Gastric bypass surgery|gastric bypass]] hypoglycemia, autoimmune hypoglycemia.  
Causes of hypoglycemia depend on age; neonatal causes are transient neonatal hypoglycemia, [[Prematurity]], [[intrauterine growth retardation]], [[perinatal asphyxia]], [[Sepsis|sepsis,]] congenital [[hypopituitarism]], beta sympathomimetic drugs[[Congenital hyperinsulinism|, congenital hyperinsulinism]], [[Infant of diabetic mother (patient information)|infant of a diabetic mother]][[Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome|, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome]] and [[Inborn error of metabolism|inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism]]. Causes of adult hypoglycemia are: [[insulin]] or insulin secretagogue drugs, [[alcohol]], [[hepatic failure]], [[Renal insufficiency|renal failure]], [[cardiac failure]], [[sepsis]], non-islet cell [[Pancreatic cancer|pancreatic tumors]], [[insulinoma]], reactive hypoglycemia, post [[Gastric bypass surgery|gastric bypass]] hypoglycemia, and [[Autoimmune|autoimmune]]<nowiki/>e hypoglycemia.  
== Causes of hypoglycemia ==
== Causes of hypoglycemia ==
=== Hypoglycemia in Newborn Infants ===
=== Hypoglycemia in Newborn Infants ===
*Transient neonatal hypoglycemia: blood glucose level in healthy newborns falls due to loss of the mothers' glucose supply that passes the placenta.<ref name="pmid25819173">{{cite journal| author=Stanley CA, Rozance PJ, Thornton PS, De Leon DD, Harris D, Haymond MW et al.| title=Re-evaluating "transitional neonatal hypoglycemia": mechanism and implications for management. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2015 | volume= 166 | issue= 6 | pages= 1520-5.e1 | pmid=25819173 | doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.02.045 | pmc=4659381 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25819173  }}</ref>Plasma glucose level is corrected by glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.<ref name="pmid10202173">{{cite journal| author=Stanley CA, Baker L| title=The causes of neonatal hypoglycemia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1999 | volume= 340 | issue= 15 | pages= 1200-1 | pmid=10202173 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199904153401510 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10202173  }}</ref>
*Transient neonatal hypoglycemia:
**[[Blood glucose]] level in healthy newborns falls due to loss of the mothers' [[glucose]] supply that passes the [[placenta]].<ref name="pmid25819173">{{cite journal| author=Stanley CA, Rozance PJ, Thornton PS, De Leon DD, Harris D, Haymond MW et al.| title=Re-evaluating "transitional neonatal hypoglycemia": mechanism and implications for management. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2015 | volume= 166 | issue= 6 | pages= 1520-5.e1 | pmid=25819173 | doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.02.045 | pmc=4659381 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25819173  }}</ref> [[Plasma glucose]] level is corrected by [[glycogenolysis]] and [[gluconeogenesis]].<ref name="pmid10202173">{{cite journal| author=Stanley CA, Baker L| title=The causes of neonatal hypoglycemia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1999 | volume= 340 | issue= 15 | pages= 1200-1 | pmid=10202173 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199904153401510 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10202173  }}</ref>


* [[Prematurity]], [[intrauterine growth retardation]] and [[perinatal asphyxia]]
* [[Prematurity]]
* [[Intrauterine growth retardation]]
* [[perinatal asphyxia]]
* Maternal hyperglycemia due to [[diabetes]] or iatrogenic glucose administration
* Maternal hyperglycemia due to [[diabetes]] or iatrogenic glucose administration
* [[Sepsis]]
* [[Sepsis]]
* Congenital [[Hypopituitarism|hypopituitarism:]] cortisol and growth hormone regulate glucose level.
* Congenital [[Hypopituitarism|hypopituitarism:]]
* Maternal treatment with beta-sympathomimetics, which interrupts [[glycogenolysis]] by blocking [[Epinephrine|epinephrine']]<nowiki/>s effect.<ref name="pmid27577580">{{cite journal| author=Bateman BT, Patorno E, Desai RJ, Seely EW, Mogun H, Maeda A et al.| title=Late Pregnancy β Blocker Exposure and Risks of Neonatal Hypoglycemia and Bradycardia. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2016 | volume= 138 | issue= 3 | pages=  | pmid=27577580 | doi=10.1542/peds.2016-0731 | pmc=5005024 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27577580  }}</ref>
** [[Cortisol]] and [[growth hormone]] regulate [[glucose]] level
* Hypothermic infants who have diminished the availability of glucose and increased rates of glucose utilization.
* Maternal use of [[Beta agonist|beta-sympathomimetics]]
* Severe [[hepatic]] dysfunction leads to impairment of both [[glycogenolysis]] and [[gluconeogenesis]].
** Interrupts [[glycogenolysis]] by blocking [[Epinephrine|epinephrine']]<nowiki/>s effect.<ref name="pmid27577580">{{cite journal| author=Bateman BT, Patorno E, Desai RJ, Seely EW, Mogun H, Maeda A et al.| title=Late Pregnancy β Blocker Exposure and Risks of Neonatal Hypoglycemia and Bradycardia. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2016 | volume= 138 | issue= 3 | pages=  | pmid=27577580 | doi=10.1542/peds.2016-0731 | pmc=5005024 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27577580  }}</ref>
*[[Congenital hyperinsulinism]]:
* [[Hypothermia|Hypothermic]] infants who have increased rates of glucose utilization and decreased glucose availability.
**[[Infant of diabetic mother (patient information)|Infant of a diabetic mothe]]<nowiki/>r is the most common cause of hypoglycemia due to [[hyperinsulinism]]. Prolonged intrapartum [[hyperglycemia]] in [[fetus]] leads to hypertrophied and hyperfunctioning [[beta cells]] causing [[hyperinsulinism]]. It is transient and resolves two days after birth.  
* Severe [[hepatic]] dysfunction
** Leads to impairment of both [[glycogenolysis]] and [[gluconeogenesis]].
*[[Congenital hyperinsulinism]]:<ref name="pmid23739646">{{cite journal| author=Buraczewska B, Kopacz K, Myśliwiec M| title=Hyperinsulinism as a common cause of hypoglycemia in children - pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. | journal=Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab | year= 2013 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 24-8 | pmid=23739646 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23739646  }}</ref>
**[[Infant of diabetic mother (patient information)|Infant of a diabetic mothe]]<nowiki/>r is most commonly affected by hypoglycemia due to [[hyperinsulinism]]. Prolonged intrapartum [[hyperglycemia]] in [[fetus]] leads to [[Hypertrophy (medical)|hypertrophied]] and hyperfunctioning [[beta cells]] causing [[hyperinsulinism]]. It is transient and resolves two days after birth.  
**[[Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome]]
**[[Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome]]
**[[Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy]]: it is a mutation in genes encoding enzymes that control intracellular metabolic pathways of the [[pancreatic]] beta cell.  
**[[Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy]]: it is a mutation in genes encoding [[enzymes]] that control [[intracellular]] [[metabolic]] pathways of the [[pancreatic]] beta cell.  
**Excess exogenous [[insulin]] given to newborns with [[hyperglycemia]] may result in hypoglycemia.<ref name="pmid19588439">{{cite journal| author=Sinclair JC, Bottino M, Cowett RM| title=Interventions for prevention of neonatal hyperglycemia in very low birth weight infants. | journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev | year= 2009 | volume=  | issue= 3 | pages= CD007615 | pmid=19588439 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007615.pub2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19588439  }}</ref>
**Excess [[exogenous]] [[insulin]] given to newborns with [[hyperglycemia]] may result in hypoglycemia.<ref name="pmid19588439">{{cite journal| author=Sinclair JC, Bottino M, Cowett RM| title=Interventions for prevention of neonatal hyperglycemia in very low birth weight infants. | journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev | year= 2009 | volume=  | issue= 3 | pages= CD007615 | pmid=19588439 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007615.pub2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19588439  }}</ref>
**Neonatal conditions associated with excessive [[insulin]] secretion include alloimmune hemolytic disease of the newborn, [[heart failure]] and [[sepsis]].<ref name="pmid10331464">{{cite journal| author=Sue CM, Hirano M, DiMauro S, De Vivo DC| title=Neonatal presentations of mitochondrial metabolic disorders. | journal=Semin Perinatol | year= 1999 | volume= 23 | issue= 2 | pages= 113-24 | pmid=10331464 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10331464  }}</ref>
**Neonatal conditions associated with excessive [[insulin]] secretion include [[alloimmune]] [[Hemolytic disease of the newborn|hemolytic disease]] of the newborn, [[heart failure]] and [[sepsis]].<ref name="pmid10331464">{{cite journal| author=Sue CM, Hirano M, DiMauro S, De Vivo DC| title=Neonatal presentations of mitochondrial metabolic disorders. | journal=Semin Perinatol | year= 1999 | volume= 23 | issue= 2 | pages= 113-24 | pmid=10331464 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10331464  }}</ref>
**[[Polycythemia]] may lead to greater glucose utilization by the increased mass of red blood cells.  
**[[Polycythemia]] may lead to greater glucose utilization by the increased mass of red blood cells.  
*[[Inborn error of metabolism|Inborn errors of metabolism]]:
**[[Nesidioblastosis]]
*[[Inborn error of metabolism|Inborn errors of metabolism]]:<ref name="pmid9832597">{{cite journal| author=Burton BK| title=Inborn errors of metabolism in infancy: a guide to diagnosis. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1998 | volume= 102 | issue= 6 | pages= E69 | pmid=9832597 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9832597  }}</ref>
**Disorders of [[gluconeogenesis]]: [[Fructose bisphosphatase deficiency|fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase]] deficiency, [[pyruvate carboxylase deficiency]].
**Disorders of [[gluconeogenesis]]: [[Fructose bisphosphatase deficiency|fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase]] deficiency, [[pyruvate carboxylase deficiency]].
**Disorders of [[carbohydrate metabolism]]: [[hereditary fructose intolerance]], [[Galactosemia|galactosemia.]]
**Disorders of [[carbohydrate metabolism]]: [[hereditary fructose intolerance]], [[Galactosemia|galactosemia.]]
**Disorders of [[Fatty acid metabolism|fatty acid metabolism:]] medium or [[Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency|long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]]).<ref name="pmid7726385">{{cite journal| author=Worthen HG, al Ashwal A, Ozand PT, Garawi S, Rahbeeni Z, al Odaib A et al.| title=Comparative frequency and severity of hypoglycemia in selected organic acidemias, branched chain amino acidemia, and disorders of fructose metabolism. | journal=Brain Dev | year= 1994 | volume= 16 Suppl | issue=  | pages= 81-5 | pmid=7726385 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7726385  }}</ref>
**Disorders of [[Fatty acid metabolism|fatty acid metabolism:]] medium or [[Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency|long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency]]).<ref name="pmid7726385">{{cite journal| author=Worthen HG, al Ashwal A, Ozand PT, Garawi S, Rahbeeni Z, al Odaib A et al.| title=Comparative frequency and severity of hypoglycemia in selected organic acidemias, branched chain amino acidemia, and disorders of fructose metabolism. | journal=Brain Dev | year= 1994 | volume= 16 Suppl | issue=  | pages= 81-5 | pmid=7726385 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7726385  }}</ref>
====Hypoglycemia in Older Adults====
===Hypoglycemia in Adults===
* Drugs: they are the most common cause of hypoglycemia.<ref name="pmid19088155">{{cite journal| author=Cryer PE, Axelrod L, Grossman AB, Heller SR, Montori VM, Seaquist ER et al.| title=Evaluation and management of adult hypoglycemic disorders: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2009 | volume= 94 | issue= 3 | pages= 709-28 | pmid=19088155 | doi=10.1210/jc.2008-1410 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19088155  }}</ref>
* Drugs are the most common cause of hypoglycemia in adults.<ref name="pmid19088155">{{cite journal| author=Cryer PE, Axelrod L, Grossman AB, Heller SR, Montori VM, Seaquist ER et al.| title=Evaluation and management of adult hypoglycemic disorders: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. | journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab | year= 2009 | volume= 94 | issue= 3 | pages= 709-28 | pmid=19088155 | doi=10.1210/jc.2008-1410 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19088155  }}</ref> The most important causes of hypoglycemia in adults include:
**[[Insulin]] or insulin secretagogue such as [[sulfonylurea]] and glyburide are the most common drugs induce hypoglycemia due to longer duration of action.<ref name="pmid16324923">{{cite journal| author=Szoke E, Gosmanov NR, Sinkin JC, Nihalani A, Fender AB, Cryer PE et al.| title=Effects of glimepiride and glyburide on glucose counterregulation and recovery from hypoglycemia. | journal=Metabolism | year= 2006 | volume= 55 | issue= 1 | pages= 78-83 | pmid=16324923 | doi=10.1016/j.metabol.2005.07.009 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16324923  }}</ref>They suppress hepatic [[glucose]] production and stimulate glucose utilization causing hypoglycemia.
**[[Insulin]] or insulin secretagogues such as [[sulfonylurea]] and glyburide are the most common drugs that may cause hypoglycemia due to longer duration of action<ref name="pmid16324923">{{cite journal| author=Szoke E, Gosmanov NR, Sinkin JC, Nihalani A, Fender AB, Cryer PE et al.| title=Effects of glimepiride and glyburide on glucose counterregulation and recovery from hypoglycemia. | journal=Metabolism | year= 2006 | volume= 55 | issue= 1 | pages= 78-83 | pmid=16324923 | doi=10.1016/j.metabol.2005.07.009 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16324923  }}</ref>. They suppress hepatic [[glucose]] production and stimulate glucose utilization which may result in hypoglycemia.
**Other drugs in nondiabetic patients: quinolones, pentamidine, quinine, beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and [[Insulin-like growth factor-I|IGF-1]] especially in older patients with underlying renal or hepatic dysfunctions.<ref name="pmid25179404">{{cite journal| author=Parekh TM, Raji M, Lin YL, Tan A, Kuo YF, Goodwin JS| title=Hypoglycemia after antimicrobial drug prescription for older patients using sulfonylureas. | journal=JAMA Intern Med | year= 2014 | volume= 174 | issue= 10 | pages= 1605-12 | pmid=25179404 | doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.3293 | pmc=4878670 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25179404  }}  [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25686188 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2015 Feb 17;162(4):JC13]</ref>
**[[Quinolones]]
**[[Alcohol]]: due to hepatic glycogen depletion in fasting patients. Alcohol can induce hypoglycemia alone or associated with other hypoglycemic drugs.
**[[Pentamidine]]
* Critical illnesses: [[hepatic]], [[renal]], or [[Congestive heart failure|cardiac failure]], sepsis. It occurs due to impaired liver [[gluconeogenesis]]. [[Sepsis]] induced [[cytokines]] secretion cause suppression of [[gluconeogenesis]].<ref name="pmid10807013">{{cite journal| author=Maitra SR, Wojnar MM, Lang CH| title=Alterations in tissue glucose uptake during the hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic phases of sepsis. | journal=Shock | year= 2000 | volume= 13 | issue= 5 | pages= 379-85 | pmid=10807013 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10807013  }}</ref>
**[[Quinine]]
* Hormone deficiency: cortisol in acquired [[adrenal insufficiency|adrenal insufficiency or]] acquired [[hypopituitarism]]
**[[Beta blockers]]
* Nonislet cell tumor: Hypoglycemia usually occurs as a result of tumor production of [[Insulin-like growth factor 2|IGF-2]]
**[[Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors]]
**[[Insulin-like growth factor-I|IGF-1]]  
***Especially in older patients with underlying [[renal]] or [[hepatic]] dysfunction<ref name="pmid25179404">{{cite journal| author=Parekh TM, Raji M, Lin YL, Tan A, Kuo YF, Goodwin JS| title=Hypoglycemia after antimicrobial drug prescription for older patients using sulfonylureas. | journal=JAMA Intern Med | year= 2014 | volume= 174 | issue= 10 | pages= 1605-12 | pmid=25179404 | doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.3293 | pmc=4878670 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25179404  }}  [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25686188 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2015 Feb 17;162(4):JC13]</ref>
**[[Alcohol]]
***Due to [[hepatic]] [[glycogen]] depletion in fasting patients
***[[Alcohol]] can induce hypoglycemia alone or associated with other hypoglycemic drugs
* Critical illnesses:
** [[Hepatic failure]]
** [[Renal failure]]
** [[Congestive heart failure|Cardiac failure]]  
** [[Sepsis]]
*** It occurs due to impaired liver [[gluconeogenesis]]
*** [[Sepsis]] induced [[cytokines]] secretion cause suppression of [[gluconeogenesis]]<ref name="pmid10807013">{{cite journal| author=Maitra SR, Wojnar MM, Lang CH| title=Alterations in tissue glucose uptake during the hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic phases of sepsis. | journal=Shock | year= 2000 | volume= 13 | issue= 5 | pages= 379-85 | pmid=10807013 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10807013  }}</ref>
* [[Hormone]] deficiency: [[cortisol]] in acquired [[adrenal insufficiency|adrenal insufficiency or]] acquired [[hypopituitarism]]<ref name="pmid26563979">{{cite journal| author=Odenwald B, Nennstiel-Ratzel U, Dörr HG, Schmidt H, Wildner M, Bonfig W| title=Children with classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia experience salt loss and hypoglycemia: evaluation of adrenal crises during the first 6 years of life. | journal=Eur J Endocrinol | year= 2016 | volume= 174 | issue= 2 | pages= 177-86 | pmid=26563979 | doi=10.1530/EJE-15-0775 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26563979  }}</ref>
* [[Islet cell|Non islet cell]] [[tumor]]: hypoglycemia usually occurs as a result of [[tumor]] production of [[Insulin-like growth factor 2|IGF-2]]
* [[Insulinoma]]
* [[Insulinoma]]
* Reactive hypoglycemia or postprandial:  it is a hypoglycemia that occurs as a reaction to food ingestion within 4 hours after meals due to [[Hyperinsulinism|functional hyperinsulinism]].
* [[Reactive hypoglycemia]] or postprandial
*[[Gastric bypass|Post gastric bypass]] hypoglycemia: rapid [[Jejunum|jejunal]] emptying with exaggerated [[insulin]] response.
** A hypoglycemia that occurs as a reaction to food ingestion within 4 hours after meals due to [[Hyperinsulinism|functional hyperinsulinism]]<ref name="pmid24246338">{{cite journal| author=Galati SJ, Rayfield EJ| title=Approach to the patient with postprandial hypoglycemia. | journal=Endocr Pract | year= 2014 | volume= 20 | issue= 4 | pages= 331-40 | pmid=24246338 | doi=10.4158/EP13132.RA | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24246338  }}</ref>
* [[Insulin]] autoimmune hypoglycemia: it occurs in patients who have [[antibodies]] directed to endogenous [[insulin]] or to the [[insulin]] receptor.<ref name="pmid19440117">{{cite journal| author=Lupsa BC, Chong AY, Cochran EK, Soos MA, Semple RK, Gorden P| title=Autoimmune forms of hypoglycemia. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2009 | volume= 88 | issue= 3 | pages= 141-53 | pmid=19440117 | doi=10.1097/MD.0b013e3181a5b42e | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19440117  }}</ref>
*[[Gastric bypass|Post gastric bypass]] hypoglycemia
**Rapid [[Jejunum|jejunal]] emptying with exaggerated [[insulin]] response
* [[Insulin]] [[autoimmune]] hypoglycemia
** Occurs in patients who have [[antibodies]] directed to endogenous [[insulin]] or to the [[insulin]] [[receptor]]<ref name="pmid19440117">{{cite journal| author=Lupsa BC, Chong AY, Cochran EK, Soos MA, Semple RK, Gorden P| title=Autoimmune forms of hypoglycemia. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2009 | volume= 88 | issue= 3 | pages= 141-53 | pmid=19440117 | doi=10.1097/MD.0b013e3181a5b42e | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19440117  }}</ref>
* Accidental, surreptitious, or malicious hypoglycemia
* Accidental, surreptitious, or malicious hypoglycemia
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

Latest revision as of 19:03, 15 November 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Carlos A Lopez, M.D. [2] Mohammed Abdelwahed M.D[3]

Overview

Causes of hypoglycemia depend on age; neonatal causes are transient neonatal hypoglycemia, Prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, perinatal asphyxia, sepsis, congenital hypopituitarism, beta sympathomimetic drugs, congenital hyperinsulinism, infant of a diabetic mother, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism. Causes of adult hypoglycemia are: insulin or insulin secretagogue drugs, alcohol, hepatic failure, renal failure, cardiac failure, sepsis, non-islet cell pancreatic tumors, insulinoma, reactive hypoglycemia, post gastric bypass hypoglycemia, and autoimmunee hypoglycemia.

Causes of hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia in Newborn Infants

Hypoglycemia in Adults

References

  1. Stanley CA, Rozance PJ, Thornton PS, De Leon DD, Harris D, Haymond MW; et al. (2015). "Re-evaluating "transitional neonatal hypoglycemia": mechanism and implications for management". J Pediatr. 166 (6): 1520–5.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.02.045. PMC 4659381. PMID 25819173.
  2. Stanley CA, Baker L (1999). "The causes of neonatal hypoglycemia". N Engl J Med. 340 (15): 1200–1. doi:10.1056/NEJM199904153401510. PMID 10202173.
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