Vitamin D deficiency risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Important risk factors for vitamin D deficiency that can not be changed are non-western ethnicity, older age and colder seasons. <ref name="pmid23790560">{{cite journal| author=Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF| title=Vitamin D for health: a global perspective. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2013 | volume= 88 | issue= 7 | pages= 720-55 | pmid=23790560 | doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011 | pmc=3761874 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23790560 }} </ref> Sedentary life style and less sun exposure play a significant role in increasing vitamin D deficiency. <ref name="pmid14985208">{{cite journal| author=Holick MF| title=Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. | journal=Am J Clin Nutr | year= 2004 | volume= 79 | issue= 3 | pages= 362-71 | pmid=14985208 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14985208 }} </ref> | Important risk factors for [[vitamin D]] deficiency that can not be changed are non-western ethnicity, older age and colder seasons. <ref name="pmid23790560">{{cite journal| author=Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF| title=Vitamin D for health: a global perspective. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2013 | volume= 88 | issue= 7 | pages= 720-55 | pmid=23790560 | doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011 | pmc=3761874 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23790560 }} </ref> Sedentary life style and less sun exposure play a significant role in increasing [[vitamin D]] deficiency. <ref name="pmid14985208">{{cite journal| author=Holick MF| title=Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. | journal=Am J Clin Nutr | year= 2004 | volume= 79 | issue= 3 | pages= 362-71 | pmid=14985208 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14985208 }} </ref> | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
The risk factors of vitamin D deficiency can be categorized into three main groups; non-modifiable risk factors, modifiable risk factors, and also factors that are related to mothers' conditions. | The risk factors of [[vitamin D]] deficiency can be categorized into three main groups; non-modifiable risk factors, modifiable risk factors, and also factors that are related to mothers' conditions. | ||
===Non-modifiable risk factors=== | ===Non-modifiable risk factors=== | ||
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* Life style including sedentary behavior, high child television watching, and less outdoor activities<ref name="pmid23790560">{{cite journal| author=Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF| title=Vitamin D for health: a global perspective. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2013 | volume= 88 | issue= 7 | pages= 720-55 | pmid=23790560 | doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011 | pmc=3761874 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23790560 }} </ref> | * Life style including sedentary behavior, high child television watching, and less outdoor activities<ref name="pmid23790560">{{cite journal| author=Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF| title=Vitamin D for health: a global perspective. | journal=Mayo Clin Proc | year= 2013 | volume= 88 | issue= 7 | pages= 720-55 | pmid=23790560 | doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011 | pmc=3761874 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23790560 }} </ref> | ||
* Less sun exposure including use of sunscreen or clothing <ref name="pmid14985208">{{cite journal| author=Holick MF| title=Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. | journal=Am J Clin Nutr | year= 2004 | volume= 79 | issue= 3 | pages= 362-71 | pmid=14985208 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14985208 }} </ref> | * Less sun exposure including use of sunscreen or clothing <ref name="pmid14985208">{{cite journal| author=Holick MF| title=Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. | journal=Am J Clin Nutr | year= 2004 | volume= 79 | issue= 3 | pages= 362-71 | pmid=14985208 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14985208 }} </ref> | ||
* Obesity <ref name="pmid10966885">{{cite journal| author=Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF| title=Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. | journal=Am J Clin Nutr | year= 2000 | volume= 72 | issue= 3 | pages= 690-3 | pmid=10966885 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10966885 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19180066">{{cite journal| author=Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Navia B, López-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM| title=Vitamin D in overweight/obese women and its relationship with dietetic and anthropometric variables. | journal=Obesity (Silver Spring) | year= 2009 | volume= 17 | issue= 4 | pages= 778-82 | pmid=19180066 | doi=10.1038/oby.2008.649 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19180066 }} </ref> | * [[Obesity]] <ref name="pmid10966885">{{cite journal| author=Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF| title=Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. | journal=Am J Clin Nutr | year= 2000 | volume= 72 | issue= 3 | pages= 690-3 | pmid=10966885 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10966885 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19180066">{{cite journal| author=Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Navia B, López-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM| title=Vitamin D in overweight/obese women and its relationship with dietetic and anthropometric variables. | journal=Obesity (Silver Spring) | year= 2009 | volume= 17 | issue= 4 | pages= 778-82 | pmid=19180066 | doi=10.1038/oby.2008.649 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19180066 }} </ref> | ||
* Being underweight <ref name="pmid25833782">{{cite journal| author=Voortman T, van den Hooven EH, Heijboer AC, Hofman A, Jaddoe VW, Franco OH| title=Vitamin D deficiency in school-age children is associated with sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. | journal=J Nutr | year= 2015 | volume= 145 | issue= 4 | pages= 791-8 | pmid=25833782 | doi=10.3945/jn.114.208280 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25833782 }} </ref> | * Being underweight <ref name="pmid25833782">{{cite journal| author=Voortman T, van den Hooven EH, Heijboer AC, Hofman A, Jaddoe VW, Franco OH| title=Vitamin D deficiency in school-age children is associated with sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. | journal=J Nutr | year= 2015 | volume= 145 | issue= 4 | pages= 791-8 | pmid=25833782 | doi=10.3945/jn.114.208280 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25833782 }} </ref> | ||
* Less milk drinking | * Less milk drinking | ||
* Not taking vitamin D supplements | * Not taking [[vitamin D]] supplements | ||
* Exclusive breastfeeding | * Exclusive [[breastfeeding]] | ||
===Maternal risk factors=== | ===Maternal risk factors=== | ||
* Lower maternal age | * Lower maternal age | ||
* Lower household income | * Lower household income | ||
* Multiparity | * [[Multiparity]] | ||
* Higher maternal BMI | * Higher maternal [[BMI]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 22:07, 24 August 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[2]
Overview
Important risk factors for vitamin D deficiency that can not be changed are non-western ethnicity, older age and colder seasons. [1] Sedentary life style and less sun exposure play a significant role in increasing vitamin D deficiency. [2]
Risk Factors
The risk factors of vitamin D deficiency can be categorized into three main groups; non-modifiable risk factors, modifiable risk factors, and also factors that are related to mothers' conditions.
Non-modifiable risk factors
- Age
- Ethnicity: non-western ethnicity like African, Asian, Turkish, and Moroccan children are at greater risks than children of western ethnic background.[3]
- Dark skin color
- Season: late fall, winter, and spring
- Geography: higher latitude, lower altitude, cloudy weather
Modifiable risk factors
- Life style including sedentary behavior, high child television watching, and less outdoor activities[1]
- Less sun exposure including use of sunscreen or clothing [2]
- Obesity [4][5]
- Being underweight [3]
- Less milk drinking
- Not taking vitamin D supplements
- Exclusive breastfeeding
Maternal risk factors
- Lower maternal age
- Lower household income
- Multiparity
- Higher maternal BMI
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF (2013). "Vitamin D for health: a global perspective". Mayo Clin Proc. 88 (7): 720–55. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011. PMC 3761874. PMID 23790560.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Holick MF (2004). "Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis". Am J Clin Nutr. 79 (3): 362–71. PMID 14985208.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Voortman T, van den Hooven EH, Heijboer AC, Hofman A, Jaddoe VW, Franco OH (2015). "Vitamin D deficiency in school-age children is associated with sociodemographic and lifestyle factors". J Nutr. 145 (4): 791–8. doi:10.3945/jn.114.208280. PMID 25833782.
- ↑ Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF (2000). "Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity". Am J Clin Nutr. 72 (3): 690–3. PMID 10966885.
- ↑ Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Navia B, López-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM (2009). "Vitamin D in overweight/obese women and its relationship with dietetic and anthropometric variables". Obesity (Silver Spring). 17 (4): 778–82. doi:10.1038/oby.2008.649. PMID 19180066.