West nile virus infection Risk Factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]
Overview
Certain factors may increase the risk of infection with WNV by a mosquito bite, such as warm temperatures, extensive outdoor exposure, homelessness, and absence of window screens. Occupational risk factors include in-field occupations, such as agriculture. Severe clinical disease is often associated with advanced age, immunosuppression, malignancy, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and renal disease. An increased risk of death is observed among immunosuppressed patients and those presenting with altered level of consciousness. Certain conditions such as encephalitis, advanced cardiovascular disease, and hepatitis C virus may also carry an increased risk of death among patients infected with WNV.
Risk Factors
Risk factors for infection with West Nile virus include:
| Risk of infection | Description |
|---|---|
| Outdoor exposure | Persons who work outdoors or have outdoor activities have higher risk of being infected.[1][2] |
| Homeless status | Prolonged outdoor exposure and low or no income to acquire mosquito repellents.[1][2] |
| Lack of adequate window screens | Absence of adequate windows may increase exposure to mosquito bites.[1][2] |
| Warmer temperatures | Associated with higher periods of incidence of disease due to shorter incubation periods of the virus in mosquitoes, and increased efficiency of viral transmission to birds.[3][4][5] |
| Regional factors |
Agricultural lands[6]; irrigated terrains[7]; heavy rain periods[8]; weak rain periods[8] |
| Risk of severe disease | Description |
| Age > 50 years | While persons of any age can be infected with WNV, US surveillance data indicate that persons over age 50 are at higher risk for severe disease and death due to WNV infection.[1] |
| Organ recipients |
Higher risk of developing neuroinvasive disease after:[9]
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| Risk of neuroinvasive disease in certain conditions[10][11][12][13][14] |
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| Risk of death | Description |
| Risk of death in certain conditions[15][14][12] |
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Epidemic/epizootic West Nile virus in the United States : guidelines for surveillance, prevention, and control. 3rd revision".
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Campbell, Grant L; Marfin, Anthony A; Lanciotti, Robert S; Gubler, Duane J (2002). "West Nile virus". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2 (9): 519–529. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00368-7. ISSN 1473-3099.
- ↑ Soverow JE, Wellenius GA, Fisman DN, Mittleman MA (2009). "Infectious disease in a warming world: how weather influenced West Nile virus in the United States (2001-2005)". Environ Health Perspect. 117 (7): 1049–52. doi:10.1289/ehp.0800487. PMC 2717128. PMID 19654911.
- ↑ Kilpatrick AM, Meola MA, Moudy RM, Kramer LD (2008). "Temperature, viral genetics, and the transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens mosquitoes". PLoS Pathog. 4 (6): e1000092. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000092. PMC 2430533. PMID 18584026.
- ↑ Reisen WK, Fang Y, Martinez VM (2006). "Effects of temperature on the transmission of west nile virus by Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae)". J Med Entomol. 43 (2): 309–17. PMID 16619616.
- ↑ Bowden SE, Magori K, Drake JM (2011). "Regional differences in the association between land cover and West Nile virus disease incidence in humans in the United States". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 84 (2): 234–8. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0134. PMC 3029173. PMID 21292890.
- ↑ DeGroote JP, Sugumaran R (2012). "National and regional associations between human West Nile virus incidence and demographic, landscape, and land use conditions in the coterminous United States". Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 12 (8): 657–65. doi:10.1089/vbz.2011.0786. PMID 22607071.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Landesman WJ, Allan BF, Langerhans RB, Knight TM, Chase JM (2007). "Inter-annual associations between precipitation and human incidence of West Nile virus in the United States". Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 7 (3): 337–43. doi:10.1089/vbz.2006.0590. PMID 17867908.
- ↑ DeSalvo D, Roy-Chaudhury P, Peddi R, Merchen T, Konijetti K, Gupta M; et al. (2004). "West Nile virus encephalitis in organ transplant recipients: another high-risk group for meningoencephalitis and death". Transplantation. 77 (3): 466–9. doi:10.1097/01.TP.0000101434.98873.CB. PMID 14966429.
- ↑ Cho H, Diamond MS (2012). "Immune responses to West Nile virus infection in the central nervous system". Viruses. 4 (12): 3812–30. doi:10.3390/v4123812. PMC 3528292. PMID 23247502.
- ↑ Lindsey NP, Staples JE, Lehman JA, Fischer M (2012). "Medical risk factors for severe West Nile Virus disease, United States, 2008-2010". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 87 (1): 179–84. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0113. PMC 3391046. PMID 22764311.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Murray K, Baraniuk S, Resnick M, Arafat R, Kilborn C, Cain K; et al. (2006). "Risk factors for encephalitis and death from West Nile virus infection". Epidemiol Infect. 134 (6): 1325–32. doi:10.1017/S0950268806006339. PMC 2870518. PMID 16672108.
- ↑ Bode AV, Sejvar JJ, Pape WJ, Campbell GL, Marfin AA (2006). "West Nile virus disease: a descriptive study of 228 patients hospitalized in a 4-county region of Colorado in 2003". Clin Infect Dis. 42 (9): 1234–40. doi:10.1086/503038. PMID 16586381.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Surveillance for Human West Nile Virus Disease - United States, 1999-2008".
- ↑ Nash D, Mostashari F, Fine A, Miller J, O'Leary D, Murray K; et al. (2001). "The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999". N Engl J Med. 344 (24): 1807–14. doi:10.1056/NEJM200106143442401. PMID 11407341.