Toluene diisocyanate
Overview
Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is an aromatic diisocyanate. It is produced for reaction with polyols to form polyurethanes. It exists in two isomers, 2,4-TDI (CAS: 584-84-9) and 2,6-TDI (CAS: 91-08-7). 2,4-TDI is produced in the pure state, but TDI is often marketed as 80/20 and 65/35 mixtures of the 2,4 and 2,6 isomers respectively. It is a highly produced diisocyanate, accounting for 34.1% of the global isocyanate market in 2000, second only to MDI.[1]
Synthesis
There are six steps to the synthesis of pure 2,4-TDI:[1]
- Nitration: Reaction of toluene with nitric acid and a catalyst to form dinitrotoluene
- Hydrogenation: Reaction of the dinitrotoluene with hydrogen and a catalyst to form a mixture of isomers of toluene diamine (TDA)
- Purification: Distillation of the TDA mixture to produce meta-TDA
- Phosgenation: Reaction of the meta-TDA with phosgene to form a crude TDI mixture
- Purification: Distillation of the crude TDI mixture to produce an 80:20 mixture of 2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDI, known as TDI (80/20)
- Differentiation: Separation of the TDI (80/20) to produce pure 2,4-TDI and a 65:35 mixture of 2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDI, known as TDI (65/35)
Chemistry
Each of the isocyanate functional groups in TDI can react with a hydroxyl group to form a urethane linkage.
2,4-TDI is an asymmetrical molecule and thus has two isocyanate groups of different reactivity. The 4-position is approximately four times more reactive than the 2-position. 2,6-TDI is a symmetrical molecule and thus has two isocyanate groups of similar reactivity, similar to the 2-position on 2,4-TDI. However, since both isocyanate groups are attached to the same aromatic ring, reaction of one isocyanate group will cause a change in the reactivity of the second isocyanate group.[1]
Hazards
Exposure to TDI and its vapors should be avoided. It is a well-documented causative agent of asthma.
See also
References
External links
- International Chemical Safety Card 0339
- IARC Monograph: "Toluene Diisocyanates"
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
- Hazards of TDI, MDI, and HDI
- NIOSH Safety and Health Topic: Isocyanates, from the website of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
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