Within mammalia, TMEM239 orthologs are found in organisms belonging to eutheria and metatheria, but not prototheria. No human paralogs for TMEM239 have been identified.
Based on human expressed sequence tag (EST) profiles, TMEM239 appears to be expressed in the testis and the brain.[1] According to PaxDb, the abundance of TMEM239 falls within the bottom 10% relative to all other proteins in both mice and humans.[2] Overall, expression of TMEM239 is limited. TMEM239 appears to be expressed at moderate levels in the testes, with low expression in a variety of other tissues, including the brain and submaxillary gland.
Interactions
TMEM239 protein interactions appear to be implicated in cell signaling, membrane transport and immunology. Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 Protein TAX-1 (TAX) and Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) were found to interact with TMEM239 through a host-pathogen yeast two hybrid screen.[3]
Additional TMEM239 protein interactions were identified through a human interactome mapping project. Synthenein-1 (SDCBP) is involved in the trafficking of transmembrane proteins, in addition to neuro and immunomodulation, exosome biogenesis and tumorigenesis.[4] SDCBP is regulated by TGFB1-mediated SMAD2/3. A number of other cell signaling proteins physically associated with TMEM239, including Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor (ATF-7), FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain-containing protein 2 (FGD2) and Syndecan binding protein (SDCBP).
The Golgi SNAP receptor complex member 1 (GOS1) was found to associate with TMEM239.[5] A member of the super-family of proteins called t-SNAREs, GOS1 mediates transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus.[6] Lastly, the protein Alpha-N-methyltransferease (TAE1) was found to interact with TMEM239. TAE1 catalyzes the methylation of alpha-amino groups of Alanine or Serine residues in [Ala/Ser]-Pro-Lys motifs and Pro-Pro-Lys motifs. TAE1 is also responsible for methylating a number of ribosomal proteins.[7]
Clinical significance
SNP rs7360412, located in the 3’UTR of TMEM239, was identified in a genome-wide association study of quantitative phenotypes for bipolar disorder as a top marker for fractional anisotropy.[8] In this context, fractional anisotropy, as detected by diffusion tensor imaging, was used to assess white matter integrity. White matter integrity is highly heritable and reduced in both bipolar patients and their unaffected relatives.
RNA-seq was used to analyze the transcriptomes of human and Leishmania primary cutaneous lesions, in order to understand differences in host and parasitic factors influencing the progression of Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (LCL) to Mucosal Leishmaniasis (ML).[9] Decreased expression of TMEM239 in a primary cutaneous lesions indicates a higher probability of ML development.
↑Sprooten E, Fleming KM, Thomson PA, Bastin ME, Whalley HC, Hall J, Sussmann JE, McKirdy J, Blackwood D, Lawrie SM, McIntosh AM (April 2013). "White matter integrity as an intermediate phenotype: exploratory genome-wide association analysis in individuals at high risk of bipolar disorder". Psychiatry Research. 206 (2–3): 223–31. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.11.002. PMID23218918.