Sandbox: prognosis

• The table below lists prognostic factors for chronic lymphocytic leukemia:

Prognostic Factor	Description
Age	Older age of diagnosis is associated with a worse prognosis.
Gender	Males are associated with a worse prognosis.
Performance status	Patient's poor performance status is associated with a worse prognosis.
Stage	Binet stages B and C or Rai stages II–IV are associated with a worse prognosis.
Lymphocyte doubling time	A rapid lymphocyte doubling time is associated with a worse prognosis
Genetic mutations	Deletion of chromosome 17 short arm is associated with a worse prognosis.
Prolymphocytes percent	An increased percentage of prolymphocytes is associated with a worse prongnosis.
Histological analysis	Diffuse histology on bone marrow aspiration is associated with a worse prognosis.
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level	Elevated levels of LDH are associated with a worse prognosis.
β2-microglobulin level	Elevated levels of β2-microglobulin level are associated with a worse prognosis.
Lymphocyte surface marker	Positive expression of CD38 is associated with a worse prognosis.
Immunoglobulin (Ig)VH gene	The absence of VH gene mutation is associated with a worse prognosis.
Membrane-bound proteins	The expression of Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP) is associated with a poor prognosis.