Rubella natural history, complications and prognosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
Rubella is transmitted by direct contact and presents with a fever, rash and lymphadenopathy. It is usually a self limiting infection and resolves without any complications. Few patients might develop complications such as arthritis which needs symptomatic treatment. The prognosis is good in adults with complete resolution of symptoms in a week.
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Natural History
Rubella is transmitted primarily through direct or droplet contact from nasopharyngeal secretions, and affects adolescents and adults.The onset of viremia is usually between 8-9 days after exposure, peaking at 10-17 days. The onset of rash usually occurs 16-18 days after exposure. Approximately 10 days after infection, viral shedding from the nasopharynx begins. The patient is most contagious 5 days before the onset of the rash to 6 days after the appearance of the rash. Majority of the patients are asymptomatic and few present with low grade fever, skin rash and cervical lymphadenopathy. Rubella is a self limiting condition and most patients have no sequalae but few patients develop arthritis.[1]
Complications
- The most common complication of rubella in adults is the development of arthritis.
- The most serious complication of rubella is the transmission of infection to the fetus if the women is a pregnant at the time of infection. Infection of the fetus during gestation can result in congenital rubella syndrome.
- Rare complications of rubella include thrombocytopenic purpura and encephalitis.
Prognosis
Rubella is a self limiting condition and most patients have no sequelae and have good prognosis but few patients develop transient arthralgia.
References
- ↑ Green RH, Balsamo MR, Giles JP, Krugman S, Mirick GS (1965). "Studies of the natural history and prevention of rubella". Am J Dis Child. 110 (4): 348–65. PMID 4158018.