Paratyphoid fever risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
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Overview
Paratyphoid fever can occur in any age group as it is food and water borne. Humans are the only source of these bacteria; no animal or environmental reservoirs have been identified. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever are most often acquired through consumption of water or food that has been contaminated by feces of an acutely infected or convalescent person or a chronic, asymptomatic carrier. Transmission through sexual contact, especially among men who have sex with men, has rarely been documented. The risk of paratyphoid fever is also increasing among travelers to southern and Southeast Asia. Travelers to southern Asia are at highest risk for infections that are nalidixic acid–resistant ormultidrug-resistant (resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). Travelers who are visiting friends and relatives (VFRs) are at increased risk. Although the risk of acquiring typhoid or paratyphoid fever increases with the duration of stay, travelers have acquired typhoid fever even during visits <1 week to countries where the disease is endemic.