Osteoarthritis epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohammadmain Rezazadehsaatlou [2], Irfan Dotani [3]
Overview
OA is one of the most frequent diagnoses and is the leading cause of disability among the adult population in the USA. According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), more than 26 million people in the USA were diagnosed with different forms of OA. The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) reported that the 46.4 million Americans and 21.6% of Americans adults were diagnosed with arthritis. OA can involve any joint, but knees, hips, hands, are most common sites for this involvement [1] [2].
Epidemiology
Prevalence
The obtained OA prevalence had significant differences due to the various definitions of OA. Some use only the radiographic criteria for OA while others prefer the clinical criteria in their study protocols. A combination of radiographic and clinical criteria would be the best method for OA prevalence, but unfortunately, the combination of these two criteria would be more costly than using each criterion alone. The available data about the incidence and prevalence of osteoarthritis are different. For example, OA mostly assessed by radiography which there should be a marked damage to be detectable in radiography. Near 6% of adults with the age of 30 years suffer from repeated knee pain and in their radiographic evaluation reveal osteoarthritis. As previously mentioned in risk factors for OA are age, sex, nutritional deficiencies, occupational involvements, trauma, genetic, and race. It was predicted that more than 26 million people in the USA have OA. The OA in hand, hip, and knee have positive correlations with age and as mentioned before OA is more common women than men, particularly after the age of 50 ( due to the menopause and hormonal changes)[3][4][5].
Hand OA
The incidence rate of OA reported by the Fallon Community Health Plan in Massachusetts (U.S.A) was the frequency of knee OA, hand OA, and hip OA were 240/100 000 person-years, 100/100 000 person-years, and 88/100 000 person-years, respectively (Figure1).
The prevalence of hand OA is in the range of 27% 80%. 75% of women with the age of 60 - 70 years had distal interphalangeal (DIP) OA. The US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) reported the prevalence of hand OA in 8% of the population. In a cohort study, the prevalence of symptomatic OA was twice as high in women than men (26.2%vs 13.2%, respective). Meanwhile, another study, conducted in Iran, reported the prevalence of hand OA among patients with the age of 40-50 years and >70 years 2.2%, and 22.5%, respectively [6][7].
Knee OA
Knee OA is less common than hand OA, although, knee OA occurs commonly in women (female-to-male ratio: 1.5:1-4:1). Epidemiology of knee OA in the USA is similar to European population. In a study by Framingham, the frequencies of Knee OA among patients with the age of 25-34 years and older than 75 years are 1% and 50%, respectively. Similar to Hand OA, the symptomatic knee OA in men and women older than 20 years old nearly doubles and triples, respectively (Figure 2). In contrast to a similar study conducted in China, the bilateral knee OA was reported to be around twice higher than Framingham Study in the USA. Accordingly, the prevalence of knee OA in Iranian rural area was 19.3%.
Hip OA
Comparing to the OA in hand or knee, the Hip OA has less common occurrence. The prevalence of hip OA in women older than 65 years old in the USA was reported between 1.0% to 6.2%. The prevalence of hip OA in the African and Asian population was 2.8 and 1.4 Percents, respectively[8][9][10].
Incidence
In a study performed by the Fallon Community Health Plan a well-known health maintenance organization in north-east of United States of America, the incidence rate of hip OA, hand OA, and knee OA were 88 per 100 000 person-years, 100 per 100 000 person-years, and 240 per 100 000 person-years, respectively. In another study, the incidence rate of knee OA and hip OA conducted in Rochester, Minnesota were reported 163.8 per 100 000 person-years and 47.3 per 100 000 person-years, respectively[11][12].
References
- ↑ Suri P, Morgenroth DC, Hunter DJ (May 2012). "Epidemiology of osteoarthritis and associated comorbidities". PM R. 4 (5 Suppl): S10–9. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.01.007. PMID 22632687.
- ↑ Lawrence RC, Felson DT, Helmick CG, Arnold LM, Choi H, Deyo RA, Gabriel S, Hirsch R, Hochberg MC, Hunder GG, Jordan JM, Katz JN, Kremers HM, Wolfe F (January 2008). "Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part II". Arthritis Rheum. 58 (1): 26–35. doi:10.1002/art.23176. PMC 3266664. PMID 18163497.
- ↑ Cleveland RJ, Callahan LF (2017). "Can Osteoarthritis Predict Mortality?". N C Med J. 78 (5): 322–325. doi:10.18043/ncm.78.5.322. PMID 28963268.
- ↑ Palazzo C, Nguyen C, Lefevre-Colau MM, Rannou F, Poiraudeau S (June 2016). "Risk factors and burden of osteoarthritis". Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 59 (3): 134–8. doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2016.01.006. PMID 26904959.
- ↑ Thomas AC, Hubbard-Turner T, Wikstrom EA, Palmieri-Smith RM (June 2017). "Epidemiology of Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis". J Athl Train. 52 (6): 491–496. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-51.5.08. PMC 5488839. PMID 27145096.
- ↑ Leung GJ, Rainsford KD, Kean WF (March 2014). "Osteoarthritis of the hand I: aetiology and pathogenesis, risk factors, investigation and diagnosis". J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 66 (3): 339–46. doi:10.1111/jphp.12196. PMID 24329488.
- ↑ Fontana L, Neel S, Claise JM, Ughetto S, Catilina P (April 2007). "Osteoarthritis of the thumb carpometacarpal joint in women and occupational risk factors: a case-control study". J Hand Surg Am. 32 (4): 459–65. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2007.01.014. PMID 17398355.
- ↑ Issa SN, Sharma L (February 2006). "Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: an update". Curr Rheumatol Rep. 8 (1): 7–15. PMID 16515759.
- ↑ Sharma L, Kapoor D, Issa S (March 2006). "Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: an update". Curr Opin Rheumatol. 18 (2): 147–56. doi:10.1097/01.bor.0000209426.84775.f8. PMID 16462520.
- ↑ Vina ER, Kwoh CK (March 2018). "Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: literature update". Curr Opin Rheumatol. 30 (2): 160–167. doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000479. PMID 29227353.
- ↑ Felson DT (January 2004). "An update on the pathogenesis and epidemiology of osteoarthritis". Radiol. Clin. North Am. 42 (1): 1–9, v. doi:10.1016/S0033-8389(03)00161-1. PMID 15049520.
- ↑ Guan SQ, Teng F, Zhang ZY (June 2017). "[The development of the epidemiology in osteoarthritis]". Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi (in Chinese). 56 (6): 450–452. PMID 28592048.