Crigler-Najjar syndrome
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click here to learn about editing.
Overview
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome is a rare metabolic disorder affecting bilirubin. It is the result of a congenital form of non-hemolytic jaundice. Only a few hundred cases of Crigler-Najjar Syndrome are known to exist.
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome or CNS is a rare disorder affecting the metabolism of bilirubin, a chemical formed from the breakdown of blood. The disorder results in an inherited form of non-hemolytic jaundice, often leading to brain damage in infants. This syndrome is divided into two types: type I and type II, which is sometimes called Arias syndrome. These two types, along with Gilbert's syndrome, make up the three known hereditary defects in bilirubin metabolism. Unlike Gilbert's syndrome, only a few hundred cases of CNS are known to exist.
Historical Perspective
The condition is named for JF Crigler Jr and VA Najjar.[1][2][3]
Classification
Crigler-Najjar syndrome, type I
This is a very rare disease (estimated at 0.6 - 1.0 per million live births), and consanguinity increases the risk of this condition (other rare diseases may also be present). Inheritance is autosomal recessive.
Intense jaundice appears in the first days of life and persists thereafter. Type 1 is characterised by a serum bilirubin usually above 345 µmol/L (310 - 755) (whereas the reference range for total bilirubin is 2 - 14 μmol/L).
No UGT1A1 expression can be detected in the hepatic tissue. Hence, there is no response to treatment with phenobarbital[4] (which causes enzyme induction). Most patients (type IA) have a mutation in one of the common exons (2 to 5), and have difficulties conjugating several additional substrates (several drugs and xenobiotics). A smaller percentage of patients (type IB) have mutations limited to the bilirubin-specific A1 exon; their conjugation defect is mostly restricted to bilirubin itself.
Prior to the availability of phototherapy, these children died of kernicterus (=bilirubin encephalopathy), or survived until early adulthood with clear neurological impairment. Today, therapy includes
- exchange transfusions in the immediate neonatal period,
- 12h/d phototherapy
- heme oxygenase inhibitors to reduce transient worsening of hyperbilirubinemia (although the effect decreases over time)
- oral calcium phosphate and -carbonate to form complexes with bilirubin in the gut,
- liver transplantation prior to the onset of brain damage, and before phototherapy becomes ineffective at later age
Crigler-Najjar syndrome, type II
Differs from type I in several aspects:
- bilirubin levels are generally below 345 µmol/L (100 - 430; thus, there is overlap), and some cases are only detected later in life
- because of lower serum bilirubin, kernicterus is rare in type II
- bile is pigmented, instead of pale in type I or dark as normal, and monoconjugates constitute the largest fraction of bile conjugates
- UGT1A1 is present at reduced but detectable levels (typically <10% of normal), because of single base pair mutations
- therefore, treatment with phenobarbital is effective, generally with a decrease of at least 25% in serum bilirubin. In fact, this can be used, along with these other factors, to differentiate type I and II.
Inheritance is generally considered autosomal dominant.
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Crigler-Najjar syndrome from Other Diseases
Neonatal jaundice may develop in the presence of sepsis, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, hypothyroidism, hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, galactosemia, fructosemia, and so on.
Hyperbilirubinemia of the unconjugated type may be caused by
- increased production
- hemolysis (e.g. hemolytic disease of the newborn, hereditary spherocytosis, sickle cell disease)
- ineffective erythropoiesis
- massive tissue necrosis or large hematomas)
- decreased clearance
- drug-induced
- physiological neonatal jaundice and prematurity
- liver diseases such as advanced hepatitis or cirrhosis
- breast milk jaundice and Lucey-Driscoll syndrome
- Crigler-Najjar syndrome and Gilbert syndrome.
In Crigler-Najjar syndrome and Gilbert syndrome, routine liver function tests are normal, and hepatic histology usually is too. There is no evidence for hemolysis. Drug-induced case typically regress after discontinuation of the substance. Physiological neonatal jaundice may peak at 85 - 170 µmol/L, and decline to normal adult concentrations within 2 weeks. Prematurity results in higher levels.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Natural History
Complications
Prognosis
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Criteria
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Prevention
Future or Investigational Therapies
One 10-year-old girl with Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I was successfully treated by hepatocyte transplantation.[5]
The homozygous Gunn rat, which lacks the enzyme uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase (UDPGT), is an animal model for the study of Crigler-Najjar syndrome. Since there is only one enzyme working improperly, gene therapy for Crigler Najjar is a theoretical option which is being investigated.
See also
External links
- Crigler-Najjar Questions and Answers site
- Crigler-Najjar association
- Info and links related to Crigler-Najjar
References
- ↑ Crigler JF Jr, Najjar VA. Congenital familial nonhemolytic jaundice with kernicterus; a new clinical entity. AMA Am J Dis Child 1952;83:259-60. PMID 14884759
- ↑ Crigler JF Jr, Najjar VA. Congenital familial nonhemolytic jaundice with kernicterus. Pediatrics 1952;10:169-80. PMID 14884759
- ↑ Template:WhoNamedIt
- ↑ Jansen PL. Diagnosis and management of Crigler-Najjar syndrome. Eur J Pediat 1999; 158 S2; S89-94. PMID 10603107
- ↑ Fox IJ, Roy Chowdhury J, Kaufman SS, Goertzen TC, Roy Chowdhury N, Warkentin PI, Dorko K, Sauter BV, Strom SC. Treatment of the Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I with hepatocyte transplantation. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 1422-1426. PMID 9580649