Chikungunya epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alejandro Lemor, M.D. [2], Alonso Alvarado, M.D. [3]
Overview
Chikungunya was first described in Tanzania, Africa in 1952. Chikungunya outbreaks have occurred in countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Indian and Pacific Oceans. In late 2013, the first local transmission of chikungunya virus in America was identified in the countries and territories. Local transmission means that the mosquitoes in the area have been infected with the virus and are spreading it to people.
Epidemiology and Demographics
In December 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported local transmission of chikungunya in Saint Martin. Local transmission means that mosquitoes in the area have been infected with chikungunya and are spreading it to people. This was the first time that local transmission of chikungunya has been reported in the Americas.
In 2014, 28 cases of chikungunya have been reported by the CDC [1] up to June 2. Florida is the state with the most reported cases (16 patients). Virgina had 3 reported cases while Connecticut had 2 reported cases, and only one other case was reported in other states (Arkansas, California, Maryland, Nevada, New York, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands).
Local transmission of chikungunya is now being reported in other countries in the Caribbean. As of June 4, 2014, the following Caribbean countries have reported cases of chikungunya: Anguilla, Antigua, British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Dominican Republic, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Saint Martin (French), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sint Maarten (Dutch).
Prior Outbreaks
Chikungunya is generally not fatal. However, in 2005-2006, 200 deaths were associated with chikungunya on Réunion island and a widespread outbreak in India, primarily in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh.
After flood and heavy rains in Rajasthan, India in August 2006, thousands of cases were detected in Rajsamand, Bhilwara, Udaipur, and Chittorgarh districts and also in adjoining regions of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, and in Sri Lanka. In the southern Indian state of Kerala, 125 deaths were attributed to Chikungunya with the majority of the casualties reported in the district of Alapuzha, primarily in Cherthala.
In December 2006, an outbreak of 3,500 confirmed cases occurred in Maldives, and over 60,000 cases in Sri Lanka, with over 80 deaths. In October 2006 more than a dozen cases of Chikungunya were reported in Pakistan.
An outbreak of the disease during June 2007 in Pathanamthitta, Kottayam and Alappuzha districts of South Kerala, India claimed more than 50 lives. It is confirmed officially that there are 7000 confirmed Chikungunya patients in these areas. Unofficial reports suggest that more than one hundred thousand are suffering from symptoms of chikungunya. The European Network for Diagnostics of "Imported" Viral Diseases [4] claims that new phylogenetic variants of the virus which are fatal have been identified on Réunion. [5].
In August/September 2007 some 160 people were infected in Italy's northern Ravenna region, resulting in one fatality.
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