Chagas disease epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
The global incidence of Chagas disease is estimated to be 5-8 million with global incidence of Chagas disease of approxiamtely 100-400 per 100,000 individuals. The majority of cases are reported in South America, where Chagas disease is considered the most common parasitic infection. Individuals of all age groups may acquire Chagas disease, including neonates due to risk of vertical transmission. Elderly patients often demonstrate clinical manifestations of chronic Chagas disease. Although there is no evidence that suggests racial predilection to the acquisition of the disease, the majority of cases are reported among individuals of Hispanic origin due to the endemicity of the disease in South America. The majority of cases outside South America are among South American immigrants. Myocarditis is infrequent, appearing in only 1-5% of patients whose having the acute phase of Chagas Disease (1-5 of every 10,000 infected subjects).
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
The global incidence of Chagas disease is estimated to be 100-400 per 100,000 individuals.[1][2][3]
Prevalence
- The estimated global prevalence of Chagas disease is estimated to be 5-8 million.[1][2][3]
- The prevalence of Chagas disease is thought to be declining following the introduction of effective infection control methods, including use of insecticides and T. cruzi serology screening in blood banks in endemic countries.
Age
- There is no age predominance for Chagas disease primary infection.
- The rate of Chagas disease is high among neonates due to risk of vertical transmission during pregnancy.
- Clinical manifestations of Chagas disease are common among elderly patients due to the natural history of the chronic disease state, whereby clinical manifestations develop several years following primary infection.
Gender
- There is no gender predominance for infection with Chagas disease.
- Male gender is thought to be associated with worse prognosis than female gender.
Race
- Given the endemicity of the disease in South America, the majority of individuals with Chagas disease are of Hispanic origin.
- However, there is no evidence to demonstrate that there is any racial predilection to the acquisition of the infection.
Developing Countries
- Chagas disease is a common parasitic infections worldwide.
- It is endemic in South America and is considered the single most common parasitic infection in that South American region.
- Chagas disease is rarely acquired locally in other parts of the world.
Developed Countries
- In USA, the prevalence of Chagas disease is approximately 300,000. The majority of those cases are among South American immigrants.[4]
- Chagas disease is rarely acquired locally in either USA or Europe.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nouvellet P, Dumonteil E, Gourbière S (2013). "The improbable transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi to human: the missing link in the dynamics and control of Chagas disease". PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 7 (11): e2505. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002505. PMC 3820721. PMID 24244766.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Feliciangeli MD, Campbell-Lendrum D, Martinez C, Gonzalez D, Coleman P, Davies C (2003). "Chagas disease control in Venezuela: lessons for the Andean region and beyond". Trends Parasitol. 19 (1): 44–9. PMID 12488226.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Samuels AM, Clark EH, Galdos-Cardenas G, Wiegand RE, Ferrufino L, Menacho S; et al. (2013). "Epidemiology of and impact of insecticide spraying on Chagas disease in communities in the Bolivian Chaco". PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 7 (8): e2358. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002358. PMC 3731239. PMID 23936581.
- ↑ Bern C, Montgomery SP (2009). "An estimate of the burden of Chagas disease in the United States". Clin Infect Dis. 49 (5): e52–4. doi:10.1086/605091. PMID 19640226.