Vomiting in children: Difference between revisions

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*[[Bilious]] and non-bilious
*[[Bilious]] and non-bilious
*Projectile and non-projectile
*Projectile and non-projectile
*[[Acute]] and [[chronic]]. <ref name="AndradeMarin2020">{{cite journal|last1=Andrade|first1=Gabriela Bonente Herculano de|last2=Marin|first2=Barbara Said|last3=Medeiros|first3=Daniela Nasu Monteiro|last4=Yamanari|first4=Mauricio Gustavo Ieiri|last5=Troster|first5=Eduardo Juan|title=Vomiting in newborns as a result of a duodenal membrane: two case reports|journal=Einstein (São Paulo)|volume=18|year=2020|issn=1679-4508|doi=10.31744/einstein_journal/2020RC4641}}</ref><ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1542/pir.19-10-33">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.19-10-33 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref>
*[[Acute]] and [[chronic]]. <ref name="AndradeMarin2020">{{cite journal|last1=Andrade|first1=Gabriela Bonente Herculano de|last2=Marin|first2=Barbara Said|last3=Medeiros|first3=Daniela Nasu Monteiro|last4=Yamanari|first4=Mauricio Gustavo Ieiri|last5=Troster|first5=Eduardo Juan|title=Vomiting in newborns as a result of a duodenal membrane: two case reports|journal=Einstein (São Paulo)|volume=18|year=2020|issn=1679-4508|doi=10.31744/einstein_journal/2020RC4641}}</ref>


==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==

Revision as of 02:45, 8 February 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Adenike Eketunde

Synonyms and keywords: Vomiting in kids

Overview

Vomiting in children is common and can range from benign condition to life-threatening condition. Most cases of vomiting are gastrointestinal in origin, most commonly gastroesophageal reflux disease and gastroenteritis. Vomiting, also known as emesis, is the oral expulsion of gastrointestinal content from the mouth due to the gut and thoracoabdominal wall muscles' contraction. At the same time, nausea refers to the need to vomit. Retching is used to describe the muscular event of vomiting with the expulsion of vomitus.

Historical Perspective

There is limited information about the historical perspective of vomiting in children

Classification

Vomiting in children may be classified according to the content of vomitus, motion, and duration into :

Pathophysiology

Causes

Common causes of Vomiting in children include

Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases

Vomiting in children must be differentiated from other diseases that cause vomiting in children such as Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS)[6] Gastrointestinal disease (obstructive and inflammatory)[7], Central Nervous System (CNS) disease, pulmonary disease, renal disease, endocrine/metabolic disorders, drugs (either as side effects or in Overdose), or psychiatric disorders.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Vomiting in children is very and there is no racial, gender, age, or race predilection to vomiting in children.

Risk Factors

There are no established risk factors for Vomiting in childdren.

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

  • The diagnosis of Vomiting in children is made with both medical history and physical examination.

Symptoms

  • Symptoms of vomiting in children include the following:

Physical Examination

  • Physical examination may be remarkable for signs of dehydration:

Laboratory Findings

  • There are no specific laboratory findings associated with vomiting in children. However, blood and urine test is helpful in diagnosis to check for infection and kidney function.

Electrocardiogram

There are no ECG findings associated with vomiting in children.

X-ray

There are no x-ray findings associated with vomiting in children.

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with vomiting in children.

CT scan

There are no CT scan findings associated with vomiting in children.

MRI

There are no MRI findings associated with vomiting in children.

Other Imaging Findings

There are no other imaging findings associated with vomiting in children.

Other Diagnostic Studies

  • There are no other imaging findings associated with vomiting in children.

Treatment

Medical Therapy

  • The mainstay of therapy for vomiting in children is to treat underlying conditions and rehydration. Antiemetic is used in the treatment of vomiting.

Surgery

  • Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of vomiting in children.

Prevention

  • There are no primary preventive measures available for vomiting in children.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Andrade, Gabriela Bonente Herculano de; Marin, Barbara Said; Medeiros, Daniela Nasu Monteiro; Yamanari, Mauricio Gustavo Ieiri; Troster, Eduardo Juan (2020). "Vomiting in newborns as a result of a duodenal membrane: two case reports". Einstein (São Paulo). 18. doi:10.31744/einstein_journal/2020RC4641. ISSN 1679-4508.
  2. Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.19-10-33 Check |pmid= value (help).
  3. Becker DE (2010). "Nausea, vomiting, and hiccups: a review of mechanisms and treatment". Anesth Prog. 57 (4): 150–6, quiz 157. doi:10.2344/0003-3006-57.4.150. PMC 3006663. PMID 21174569.
  4. Andrade GBH, Marin BS, Medeiros DNM, Yamanari MGI, Troster EJ (2020). "Vomiting in newborns as a result of a duodenal membrane: two case reports". Einstein (Sao Paulo). 18: eRC4641. doi:10.31744/einstein_journal/2020RC4641. PMC 7687917 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33263676 Check |pmid= value (help).
  5. Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70479-6_1 Check |pmid= value (help).
  6. Raucci U, Borrelli O, Di Nardo G, Tambucci R, Pavone P, Salvatore S; et al. (2020). "Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome in Children". Front Neurol. 11: 583425. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.583425. PMC 7667239 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33224097 Check |pmid= value (help).
  7. Sullivan PB (2008). "Gastrointestinal disorders in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities". Dev Disabil Res Rev. 14 (2): 128–36. doi:10.1002/ddrr.18. PMID 18646021.
  8. Reust CE, Williams A (2016). "Acute Abdominal Pain in Children". Am Fam Physician. 93 (10): 830–6. PMID 27175718.
  9. Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID http https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90723-X http Check |pmid= value (help).