Systemic lupus erythematosus historical perspective: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The word "[[Systemic lupus erythematosus|lupus]]" means wolf in Latin, as the destructive injuries | The word "[[Systemic lupus erythematosus|lupus]]" means wolf in Latin, as the destructive injuries SLE causes brought to mind wolf bites. The history of [[lupus erythematosus]] can be divided into three periods: classical, neoclassical, and modern.<ref name="pmid63484302">{{cite journal |vauthors=Blotzer JW |title=Systemic lupus erythematosus I: historical aspects |journal=Md State Med J |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=439–41 |year=1983 |pmid=6348430 |doi= |url=}}</ref> The classical period mostly refers to ancient history, when there was no exact definition of the [[disease]]. During the neoclassical [[lupus]] era, scientists were investigating to determine the manifestations of lupus and to define the disease's action. Modern history is mostly focused on [[Microscopic|microscopical]] understanding of the [[disease]] and [[pathogenesis]] of [[SLE]]. | ||
== Discovery == | == Discovery == | ||
The word "[[Systemic lupus erythematosus|lupus]]" means wolf in Latin, as the destructive injuries | The word "[[Systemic lupus erythematosus|lupus]]" means wolf in Latin, as the destructive injuries SLE causes brought to mind wolf bites. The history of [[lupus erythematosus]] can be divided into three periods: classical, neoclassical, and modern.<ref name="pmid63484303">{{cite journal |vauthors=Blotzer JW |title=Systemic lupus erythematosus I: historical aspects |journal=Md State Med J |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=439–41 |year=1983 |pmid=6348430 |doi= |url=}}</ref> The classical period mostly refers to ancient history, when there was no exact definition of the [[disease]]. During the neoclassical [[lupus]] era, scientists were investigating to determine the manifestations of lupus and to define the disease's action. Modern history is mostly focused on [[Microscopic|microscopical]] understanding of the [[disease]] and [[pathogenesis]] of [[SLE]]. | ||
=== Classical History === | === Classical History === | ||
* In ancient times, it was believed that lupus patients could turn into wolves, especially | * In ancient times, it was believed that lupus patients could turn into wolves, especially when exposed to sunlight. This was later found to be due to lupus [[photosensitivity]].<ref name="pmid7020464">{{cite journal |vauthors=Holubar K |title=Terminology and iconography of lupus erythematosus. A historical vignette |journal=Am J Dermatopathol |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=239–42 |year=1980 |pmid=7020464 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* Hippocrates was the first to use the phrase "herpes esthiomenos," which was a definition for [[lupus]] [[lesions]] | * Hippocrates was the first to use the phrase "herpes esthiomenos," which was a definition for [[lupus]] [[lesions]]. Thus, Hippocrates is considered the first to have described cutaneous [[ulceration]] of the [[disease]].<ref name="pmid23008531">{{cite journal |vauthors=Karrar A, Ai-Dalaan A |title=Systemic lupus erythematosus for general practitioners: a literature review |journal=J Family Community Med |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=19–29 |year=1994 |pmid=23008531 |pmc=3437177 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3041483">{{cite journal |vauthors=Smith CD, Cyr M |title=The history of lupus erythematosus. From Hippocrates to Osler |journal=Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |year=1988 |pmid=3041483 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
=== Neoclassical History === | === Neoclassical History === | ||
* In 1230 A.D., Rogerius Frugardi was the first to describe erosive facial [[Lesion|lesions]] and used the term [[lupus]] for the first time scientifically.<ref name="pmid23008531" /> | * In 1230 A.D., Rogerius Frugardi was the first to describe erosive facial [[Lesion|lesions]] and used the term "[[lupus]]" for the first time scientifically.<ref name="pmid23008531" /> | ||
* In 1530 A.D. Giovanni Manardi used the same pattern of [[ulceration]] to describe | * In 1530 A.D. Giovanni Manardi used the same pattern of [[ulceration]] to describe lower extremity [[Lesion|lesions]] and also called it [[lupus]]. | ||
* In the late 18th century, Robert Willan, a British [[dermatologist]], was the first to describe the destructive [[Lesion|lesions]] of the face and nose under the heading of [[lupus]]. Lupus willani, which is cutaneous [[tuberculosis]] or [[lupus vulgaris]], is named after him. | * In the late 18th century, Robert Willan, a British [[dermatologist]], was the first to describe the destructive [[Lesion|lesions]] of the face and nose under the heading of [[lupus]]. Lupus willani, which is cutaneous [[tuberculosis]] or [[lupus vulgaris]], is named after him. | ||
* In 1833, Laurent Theodore Biett was the first one to describe lupus erythematosus, although he called it "erythema centrifugum." Later, his student Pierre Louis Alphee Cazenave published his work.<ref name="pmid19826244">{{cite journal |vauthors=Scofield RH, Oates J |title=The place of William Osler in the description of systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Am. J. Med. Sci. |volume=338 |issue=5 |pages=409–12 |year=2009 |pmid=19826244 |pmc=2783313 |doi=10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181acbd71 |url=}}</ref> | * In 1833, Laurent Theodore Biett was the first one to describe lupus erythematosus, although he called it "erythema centrifugum." Later, his student Pierre Louis Alphee Cazenave published his work.<ref name="pmid19826244">{{cite journal |vauthors=Scofield RH, Oates J |title=The place of William Osler in the description of systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Am. J. Med. Sci. |volume=338 |issue=5 |pages=409–12 |year=2009 |pmid=19826244 |pmc=2783313 |doi=10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181acbd71 |url=}}</ref> | ||
* In 1845, Ferdinand von Hebra described an aggressive skin [[lesion]] with tissue destructive characteristics. Later, in 1866, Ferdinand von Hebra used the term "butterfly" to describe what is known as [[malar rash]]. He | * In 1845, Ferdinand von Hebra described an aggressive skin [[lesion]] with tissue destructive characteristics. Later, in 1866, Ferdinand von Hebra used the term "butterfly" to describe what is known as [[malar rash]]. He initially named the condition "seborrhea congestiva."<ref name="pmid781465">{{cite journal |vauthors=Arnett FC, Shulman LE |title=Studies in familial systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=313–22 |year=1976 |pmid=781465 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* In 1851, Cazenave was the first to complete the description of [[Discoid lupus erythematosus|discoid lupus]]. He called it "lupus erythematosus." | * In 1851, Cazenave was the first to complete the description of [[Discoid lupus erythematosus|discoid lupus]]. He called it "lupus erythematosus." | ||
* In 1872, Kaposi was the first to describe the systemic signs of the disorder, including [[arthritis]], [[fever]], [[anemia]], [[lymphadenopathy]], and [[weight loss]]. | * In 1872, Kaposi was the first to describe the systemic signs of the disorder, including [[arthritis]], [[fever]], [[anemia]], [[lymphadenopathy]], and [[weight loss]]. | ||
* Kaposi and Cazenave were the first ones who clearly distinguished lupus erythematosus from [[lupus vulgaris]] or cutaneous [[tuberculosis]], though both diseases coexist in some patients. | * Kaposi and Cazenave were the first ones who clearly distinguished lupus erythematosus from [[lupus vulgaris]] or cutaneous [[tuberculosis]], though both diseases coexist in some patients. | ||
* In the late 19th century, Sir William Osler was the first to coin the term "systemic lupus erythematosus." He discussed systemic complications of “erythema exsudativum | * In the late 19th century, Sir William Osler was the first to coin the term "systemic lupus erythematosus." He discussed systemic complications of “erythema exsudativum multiforme,” including [[Heart|cardiac]], [[pulmonary]], and [[renal]] problems as well as [[cutaneous]] [[lesions]].<ref name="pmid781465" /> | ||
* In the late 19th century, Jonathan Hutchinson was the first to describe the [[photosensitive]] nature of | * In the late 19th century, Jonathan Hutchinson was the first to describe the [[photosensitive]] nature of [[malar rash]]. | ||
* In 1902, Sequira and Balean were the first to describe [[Asphyxia|acroasphyxia]], or the [[Raynaud's phenomenon|Raynaud phenomenon]], and [[lupus nephritis]]. | * In 1902, Sequira and Balean were the first to describe [[Asphyxia|acroasphyxia]], or the [[Raynaud's phenomenon|Raynaud phenomenon]], and [[lupus nephritis]]. | ||
* In 1908, Alfred Kraus and Carl Bohac were the first to describe [[pulmonary]] involvement in lupus. | * In 1908, Alfred Kraus and Carl Bohac were the first to describe [[pulmonary]] involvement in lupus. | ||
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=== Modern History === | === Modern History === | ||
* In the early 20th century, George Belote and H.S. Ratner were the first to describe [[Libman-Sacks endocarditis|endocarditis of Libman-Sacks]] as a manifestation of | * In the early 20th century, George Belote and H.S. Ratner were the first to describe [[Libman-Sacks endocarditis|endocarditis of Libman-Sacks]] as a manifestation of lupus, even without concurrent [[cutaneous]] involvement. They changed the common idea of the necessity of [[cutaneous]] involvement for the diagnosis of lupus. | ||
* In 1935, Paul Klemperer, George Baehr, and A.D. Pollack were the first to describe wire loop [[nephritis]]. | * In 1935, Paul Klemperer, George Baehr, and A.D. Pollack were the first to describe wire loop [[nephritis]]. | ||
* In 1959, Leonardt, Arnett, and Schulman were the first to describe the [[familial]] aggregation of lupus and concordance in [[monozygotic twins]]. | * In 1959, Leonardt, Arnett, and Schulman were the first to describe the [[familial]] aggregation of lupus and concordance in [[monozygotic twins]]. | ||
* In 1906, Wasserman was the first to describe a [[complement]]-fixing [[antibody]] that reacted with extracts from bovine hearts | * In 1906, Wasserman, while trying to develop a [[Serology|serologic]] test for [[syphilis]], was the first to describe a [[complement]]-fixing [[antibody]] that reacted with extracts from bovine hearts. The corresponding [[antigen]] was later identified as [[cardiolipin]].<ref name="pmid13486608" /> | ||
* In 1948, Malcolm Hargraves discovered the [[lupus erythematosus]] (LE) cell. He observed two unusual phenomena in several [[bone marrow]] preparations while adding | * In 1948, Malcolm Hargraves discovered the [[lupus erythematosus]] (LE) cell. He observed two unusual phenomena in several [[bone marrow]] preparations while adding [[serum]] from patients with lupus erythematosus to [[bone marrow]] preparations from normal subjects.<ref name="pmid4186059">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hargraves MM |title=Discovery of the LE cell and its morphology |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=44 |issue=9 |pages=579–99 |year=1969 |pmid=4186059 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* In 1954, Miescher and Fauconnet observed that absorption of lupus serum with nuclei prevented its ability to induce the LE cell phenomenon, suggesting that a [[globulin]] in the serum was reacting with, or destroying, the nuclei.<ref name="pmid4186059" /> | * In 1954, Miescher and Fauconnet observed that absorption of lupus serum with nuclei prevented its ability to induce the LE cell phenomenon, suggesting that a [[globulin]] in the serum was reacting with, or destroying, the nuclei.<ref name="pmid4186059" /> | ||
* In 1954, researchers at the Cleveland Clinic were the first to describe [[drug-induced lupus erythematosus]] | * In 1954, researchers at the Cleveland Clinic were the first to describe [[drug-induced lupus erythematosus]], which was induced by the [[antihypertensive drug]] [[hydralazine]].<ref name="pmid14357321">{{cite journal |vauthors=RUSSELL B |title=The history of lupus vulgaris: its recognition, nature, treatment and prevention |journal=Proc. R. Soc. Med. |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=127–32 |year=1955 |pmid=14357321 |pmc=1919015 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* in 1958, George Friou discovered that the substance in the serum of patients with lupus erythematosus that reacted to the [[nuclei]] of cells was [[gamma globulin]]. He also discovered that the target in the [[nucleus]] was the complex of [[DNA]] and [[histones]]. He described the [[Immunoflourescence|indirect immunoflourescence]] test to detect [[antinuclear antibodies]]. [[Autoantibodies]] like [[Ribonucleoprotein|nuclear ribonucleoprotein]] (nRNP), Smith, Ro, La, and [[Anti-cardiolipin antibodies|anticardiolipin antibodies]] were discovered based on his primary work.<ref name="pmid14357321" /> | * in 1958, George Friou discovered that the substance in the serum of patients with lupus erythematosus that reacted to the [[nuclei]] of cells was [[gamma globulin]]. He also discovered that the target in the [[nucleus]] was the complex of [[DNA]] and [[histones]]. He described the [[Immunoflourescence|indirect immunoflourescence]] test to detect [[antinuclear antibodies]]. [[Autoantibodies]] like [[Ribonucleoprotein|nuclear ribonucleoprotein]] (nRNP), Smith, Ro, La, and [[Anti-cardiolipin antibodies|anticardiolipin antibodies]] were discovered based on his primary work.<ref name="pmid14357321" /> | ||
* In 1959, a breakthrough in the understanding of lupus was made by the discovery of a lethal [[kidney disease]] in Otago Medical School in New Zealand. It provided many insights | * In 1959, a breakthrough in the understanding of lupus was made by the discovery of a lethal [[kidney disease]] in Otago Medical School in New Zealand. It provided many insights into disease mechanisms in [[Immunopathology|immunopathogenesis]] of [[Autoantibody|auto-antibody]] formation, [[immunologic tolerance]], and the development of [[glomerulonephritis]] in lupus. The discovery also led to better evaluation of newer therapeutic agents in [[Systemic lupus erythematosus|lupus erythematosus]].<ref name="pmid3041483" /> | ||
* In 1971, the first classification criteria was established. | * In 1971, the first classification criteria for lupus was established. | ||
* In 1982, the criteria were revised by the [[American College of Rheumatology]] (ACR) to incorporate new advances in [[Serological testing|serologic testing]] ([[ANA]] and anti-[[DsDNA virus|dsDNA]]) and improved biostatistical techniques.<ref name="pmid3041483" /><ref name="pmid13486608" /> | * In 1982, the criteria were revised by the [[American College of Rheumatology]] (ACR) to incorporate new advances in [[Serological testing|serologic testing]] ([[ANA]] and anti-[[DsDNA virus|dsDNA]]) and improved biostatistical techniques.<ref name="pmid3041483" /><ref name="pmid13486608" /> | ||
* In 2012, the Systemic Lupus Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) revised and validated the [[American College of Rheumatology]] (ACR) SLE classification criteria in order to improve clinical relevance, meet stringent methodology requirements, and incorporate new knowledge in SLE [[immunology]].<ref name="pmid3041483" /> | * In 2012, the Systemic Lupus Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) revised and validated the [[American College of Rheumatology]] (ACR) SLE classification criteria in order to improve clinical relevance, meet stringent methodology requirements, and incorporate new knowledge in SLE [[immunology]].<ref name="pmid3041483" /> | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahshid Mir, M.D. [2]
Overview
The word "lupus" means wolf in Latin, as the destructive injuries SLE causes brought to mind wolf bites. The history of lupus erythematosus can be divided into three periods: classical, neoclassical, and modern.[1] The classical period mostly refers to ancient history, when there was no exact definition of the disease. During the neoclassical lupus era, scientists were investigating to determine the manifestations of lupus and to define the disease's action. Modern history is mostly focused on microscopical understanding of the disease and pathogenesis of SLE.
Discovery
The word "lupus" means wolf in Latin, as the destructive injuries SLE causes brought to mind wolf bites. The history of lupus erythematosus can be divided into three periods: classical, neoclassical, and modern.[2] The classical period mostly refers to ancient history, when there was no exact definition of the disease. During the neoclassical lupus era, scientists were investigating to determine the manifestations of lupus and to define the disease's action. Modern history is mostly focused on microscopical understanding of the disease and pathogenesis of SLE.
Classical History
- In ancient times, it was believed that lupus patients could turn into wolves, especially when exposed to sunlight. This was later found to be due to lupus photosensitivity.[3]
- Hippocrates was the first to use the phrase "herpes esthiomenos," which was a definition for lupus lesions. Thus, Hippocrates is considered the first to have described cutaneous ulceration of the disease.[4][5]
Neoclassical History
- In 1230 A.D., Rogerius Frugardi was the first to describe erosive facial lesions and used the term "lupus" for the first time scientifically.[4]
- In 1530 A.D. Giovanni Manardi used the same pattern of ulceration to describe lower extremity lesions and also called it lupus.
- In the late 18th century, Robert Willan, a British dermatologist, was the first to describe the destructive lesions of the face and nose under the heading of lupus. Lupus willani, which is cutaneous tuberculosis or lupus vulgaris, is named after him.
- In 1833, Laurent Theodore Biett was the first one to describe lupus erythematosus, although he called it "erythema centrifugum." Later, his student Pierre Louis Alphee Cazenave published his work.[6]
- In 1845, Ferdinand von Hebra described an aggressive skin lesion with tissue destructive characteristics. Later, in 1866, Ferdinand von Hebra used the term "butterfly" to describe what is known as malar rash. He initially named the condition "seborrhea congestiva."[7]
- In 1851, Cazenave was the first to complete the description of discoid lupus. He called it "lupus erythematosus."
- In 1872, Kaposi was the first to describe the systemic signs of the disorder, including arthritis, fever, anemia, lymphadenopathy, and weight loss.
- Kaposi and Cazenave were the first ones who clearly distinguished lupus erythematosus from lupus vulgaris or cutaneous tuberculosis, though both diseases coexist in some patients.
- In the late 19th century, Sir William Osler was the first to coin the term "systemic lupus erythematosus." He discussed systemic complications of “erythema exsudativum multiforme,” including cardiac, pulmonary, and renal problems as well as cutaneous lesions.[7]
- In the late 19th century, Jonathan Hutchinson was the first to describe the photosensitive nature of malar rash.
- In 1902, Sequira and Balean were the first to describe acroasphyxia, or the Raynaud phenomenon, and lupus nephritis.
- In 1908, Alfred Kraus and Carl Bohac were the first to describe pulmonary involvement in lupus.
- In 1923, Emanuel Libman and Benjamin Sacks were the first to describe noninfectious endocarditis due to lupus.[8]
Modern History
- In the early 20th century, George Belote and H.S. Ratner were the first to describe endocarditis of Libman-Sacks as a manifestation of lupus, even without concurrent cutaneous involvement. They changed the common idea of the necessity of cutaneous involvement for the diagnosis of lupus.
- In 1935, Paul Klemperer, George Baehr, and A.D. Pollack were the first to describe wire loop nephritis.
- In 1959, Leonardt, Arnett, and Schulman were the first to describe the familial aggregation of lupus and concordance in monozygotic twins.
- In 1906, Wasserman, while trying to develop a serologic test for syphilis, was the first to describe a complement-fixing antibody that reacted with extracts from bovine hearts. The corresponding antigen was later identified as cardiolipin.[8]
- In 1948, Malcolm Hargraves discovered the lupus erythematosus (LE) cell. He observed two unusual phenomena in several bone marrow preparations while adding serum from patients with lupus erythematosus to bone marrow preparations from normal subjects.[9]
- In 1954, Miescher and Fauconnet observed that absorption of lupus serum with nuclei prevented its ability to induce the LE cell phenomenon, suggesting that a globulin in the serum was reacting with, or destroying, the nuclei.[9]
- In 1954, researchers at the Cleveland Clinic were the first to describe drug-induced lupus erythematosus, which was induced by the antihypertensive drug hydralazine.[10]
- in 1958, George Friou discovered that the substance in the serum of patients with lupus erythematosus that reacted to the nuclei of cells was gamma globulin. He also discovered that the target in the nucleus was the complex of DNA and histones. He described the indirect immunoflourescence test to detect antinuclear antibodies. Autoantibodies like nuclear ribonucleoprotein (nRNP), Smith, Ro, La, and anticardiolipin antibodies were discovered based on his primary work.[10]
- In 1959, a breakthrough in the understanding of lupus was made by the discovery of a lethal kidney disease in Otago Medical School in New Zealand. It provided many insights into disease mechanisms in immunopathogenesis of auto-antibody formation, immunologic tolerance, and the development of glomerulonephritis in lupus. The discovery also led to better evaluation of newer therapeutic agents in lupus erythematosus.[5]
- In 1971, the first classification criteria for lupus was established.
- In 1982, the criteria were revised by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) to incorporate new advances in serologic testing (ANA and anti-dsDNA) and improved biostatistical techniques.[5][8]
- In 2012, the Systemic Lupus Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) revised and validated the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) SLE classification criteria in order to improve clinical relevance, meet stringent methodology requirements, and incorporate new knowledge in SLE immunology.[5]
References
- ↑ Blotzer JW (1983). "Systemic lupus erythematosus I: historical aspects". Md State Med J. 32 (6): 439–41. PMID 6348430.
- ↑ Blotzer JW (1983). "Systemic lupus erythematosus I: historical aspects". Md State Med J. 32 (6): 439–41. PMID 6348430.
- ↑ Holubar K (1980). "Terminology and iconography of lupus erythematosus. A historical vignette". Am J Dermatopathol. 2 (3): 239–42. PMID 7020464.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Karrar A, Ai-Dalaan A (1994). "Systemic lupus erythematosus for general practitioners: a literature review". J Family Community Med. 1 (1): 19–29. PMC 3437177. PMID 23008531.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Smith CD, Cyr M (1988). "The history of lupus erythematosus. From Hippocrates to Osler". Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 14 (1): 1–14. PMID 3041483.
- ↑ Scofield RH, Oates J (2009). "The place of William Osler in the description of systemic lupus erythematosus". Am. J. Med. Sci. 338 (5): 409–12. doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181acbd71. PMC 2783313. PMID 19826244.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Arnett FC, Shulman LE (1976). "Studies in familial systemic lupus erythematosus". Medicine (Baltimore). 55 (4): 313–22. PMID 781465.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 MOORE JE, SHULMAN LE, SCOTT JT (1956). "The natural history of systemic lupus erythematosus: an approach to its study through chronic biologic false positive reactors: interim report". Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc. 68: 59–67, discussion 67–8. PMC 2248934. PMID 13486608.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Hargraves MM (1969). "Discovery of the LE cell and its morphology". Mayo Clin. Proc. 44 (9): 579–99. PMID 4186059.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 RUSSELL B (1955). "The history of lupus vulgaris: its recognition, nature, treatment and prevention". Proc. R. Soc. Med. 48 (2): 127–32. PMC 1919015. PMID 14357321.