Shigellosis differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions
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{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{JS}}; [[User:YazanDaaboul|Yazan Daaboul]]; [[User:Sergekorjian|Serge Korjian]] | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{JS}}; [[User:YazanDaaboul|Yazan Daaboul]]; [[User:Sergekorjian|Serge Korjian]] | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Shigellosis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [[fever]], [[bloody diarrhea]], [[dehydration]], [[tachycardia]] and [[low blood pressure]], such as Enterohemorrhagic ''E.coli'' (EHEC) infection, [[Ebola]], [[Typhoid fever]], [[Malaria]], and [[Lassa fever]]. | Shigellosis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [[fever]], [[bloody diarrhea]], [[dehydration]], [[tachycardia]] and [[low blood pressure]], such as Enterohemorrhagic ''E.coli'' (EHEC) infection, [[Ebola]], [[Typhoid fever]], [[Malaria]], and [[Lassa fever]]. | ||
==Differentiating Shigellosis from other Diseases== | ==Differentiating Shigellosis from other Diseases== | ||
Revision as of 14:02, 6 April 2015
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]; Yazan Daaboul; Serge Korjian
Overview
Shigellosis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause fever, bloody diarrhea, dehydration, tachycardia and low blood pressure, such as Enterohemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC) infection, Ebola, Typhoid fever, Malaria, and Lassa fever.
Differentiating Shigellosis from other Diseases
The table below summarizes the findings that differentiate Shigellosis from other conditions that cause fever and hemorrhage:
| Disease | Findings |
|---|---|
| EHEC | May present with fever, chills vomiting, diarrhea, generalized pain or malaise, and gastointestinal bleeding that follow an incubation period of 3-7 days. Unlike E. coli, Shigella cannot ferment lactose or decarboxylate lysine.[1] |
| Ebola | Presents with fever, chills vomiting, diarrhea, generalized pain or malaise, and sometimes internal and external bleeding, that follow an incubation period of 2-21 days. |
| Typhoid fever | Presents with fever, headache, rash, gastrointestinal symptoms, with lymphadenopathy, relative bradycardia, cough and leucopenia and sometimes sore throat. Blood and stool culture can confirm the presence of the causative bacteria. |
| Malaria | Presents with acute fever, headache and sometimes diarrhea (children). A blood smears must be examined for malaria parasites. The presence of parasites does not exclude a concurrent viral infection. An antimalarial should be prescribed as an empiric therapy. |
| Lassa fever | Disease onset is usually gradual, with fever, sore throat, cough, pharyngitis, and facial edema in the later stages. Inflammation and exudation of the pharynx and conjunctiva are common. |
| Yellow fever and other Flaviviridae | Present with hemorrhagic complications. Epidemiological investigation may reveal a pattern of disease transmission by an insect vector. Virus isolation and serological investigation serves to distinguish these viruses. Confirmed history of previous yellow fever vaccination will rule out yellow fever. |
| Others | Viral hepatitis, leptospirosis, rheumatic fever, typhus, and mononucleosis can produce signs and symptoms that may be confused with Ebola in the early stages of infection. |
The table below lists the underlying pathogens known to cause acute inflammatory diarrhea:[2][3]
| Pathogen | Transmission | Clinical Manifestations | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fever | Nausea/Vomiting | Abdominal Pain | Bloody Stool | ||
| Salmonella | Foodborne transmission, community-acquired | ++ | + | ++ | + |
| Shigella | Community-acquired, person-to-person | ++ | ++ | ++ | + |
| Campylobacter | Community-acquired, ingestion of undercooked poultry | ++ | + | ++ | + |
| E. coli (EHEC or EIEC) | Foodborne transmission, ingestion of undercooked hamburger meat | ± | + | ++ | ++ |
| Clostridium difficile | Nosocomial spread, antibiotic use | + | ± | + | + |
| Yersinia | Community-aquired, foodborne transmission | ++ | + | ++ | + |
| Entamoeba histolytica | Travel to or emigration from tropical regions | + | ± | + | ± |
| Aeromonas | Ingestion of contaminated water | ++ | + | ++ | + |
| Plesiomonas | Ingestion of contaminated water or undercooked shellfish, travel to tropical regions | ± | ++ | + | + |
References
- ↑ Hale, TL; Keusch, GT (1996). "Shigella. In: Baron S, editor. Medical Microbiology. 4th edition". Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
- ↑ Thielman NM, Guerrant RL (2004). "Clinical practice. Acute infectious diarrhea". N Engl J Med. 350 (1): 38–47. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp031534. PMID 14702426.
- ↑ Khan AM, Faruque AS, Hossain MS, Sattar S, Fuchs GJ, Salam MA (2004). "Plesiomonas shigelloides-associated diarrhoea in Bangladeshi children: a hospital-based surveillance study". J Trop Pediatr. 50 (6): 354–6. doi:10.1093/tropej/50.6.354. PMID 15537721.