Retinoblastoma epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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{{Retinoblastoma}}
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==Overview==
==Overview==
The incidence of retinoblastoma in United States is approximately .43 cases per 1000,000 children under 15 years of age.<ref name="SEER">  Retinoblastoma. SEER(2015) http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2012/results_merged/sect_29_childhood_cancer_iccc.pdf#search=retinoblastoma Accessed on October 2, 2015</ref> The median age at diagnosis of retinoblastoma is 18 months. The average age at diagnosis of retinoblastoma for children with unilateral disease and bilateral disease is 24 months and 12 months respectively.<ref name="pmid9544909">{{cite journal| author=Abramson DH, Frank CM, Susman M, Whalen MP, Dunkel IJ, Boyd NW| title=Presenting signs of retinoblastoma. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1998 | volume= 132 | issue= 3 Pt 1 | pages= 505-8 | pmid=9544909 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9544909  }} </ref> Retinoblastoma affects males and females equally.<ref name="pmid18621794">{{cite journal| author=Broaddus E, Topham A, Singh AD| title=Incidence of retinoblastoma in the USA: 1975-2004. | journal=Br J Ophthalmol | year= 2009 | volume= 93 | issue= 1 | pages= 21-3 | pmid=18621794 | doi=10.1136/bjo.2008.138750 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18621794  }} </ref> There is no racial predilection to the development of retinoblastoma.<ref name="pmid18621794">{{cite journal| author=Broaddus E, Topham A, Singh AD| title=Incidence of retinoblastoma in the USA: 1975-2004. | journal=Br J Ophthalmol | year= 2009 | volume= 93 | issue= 1 | pages= 21-3 | pmid=18621794 | doi=10.1136/bjo.2008.138750 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18621794  }} </ref>
The [[incidence]] of retinoblastoma in the United States has been reported to be 1.2 cases per 100,000 [[Child|children]] aged 4 years or younger. The [[median]] age at [[diagnosis]] of retinoblastoma is 18 months. The average age at [[diagnosis]] of retinoblastoma for children with unilateral [[disease]] and [[bilateral]] [[disease]] is 24 months and 12 months respectively. Retinoblastoma affects [[Male|males]] and [[Female|females]] equally. There is no [[racial]] predilection to the development of retinoblastoma.


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Incidence===
===Incidence===
*The incidence of retinoblastoma in the United States has been reported to be between 5 to 7 cases per 100,000 live births.<ref name="pmid19704035">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kivelä T |title=The epidemiological challenge of the most frequent eye cancer: retinoblastoma, an issue of birth and death |journal=Br J Ophthalmol |volume=93 |issue=9 |pages=1129–31 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19704035 |doi=10.1136/bjo.2008.150292 |url=}}</ref>
*The [[incidence]] of retinoblastoma in the United States has been reported to be 1.2 cases per 100,000 children aged 4 years or younger.<ref name="FernandesPollock2018">{{cite journal|last1=Fernandes|first1=Arthur Gustavo|last2=Pollock|first2=Benjamin D.|last3=Rabito|first3=Felicia A.|title=Retinoblastoma in the United States: A 40-Year Incidence and Survival Analysis|journal=Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus|volume=55|issue=3|year=2018|pages=182–188|issn=0191-3913|doi=10.3928/01913913-20171116-03}}</ref>
The incidence of retinoblastoma in United States is approximately .43 cases per 1000,000 children under 15 years of age.<ref name="SEER"> Retinoblastoma. SEER(2015) http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2012/results_merged/sect_29_childhood_cancer_iccc.pdf#search=retinoblastoma Accessed on October 2, 2015</ref> The age-adjusted annual incidence in children aged 0 to 4 years is 1.0 to 1.4 cases per 100,000 children(approximately one in 14,000–18,000 live births).<ref name="NIH"> Retinoblastoma. National Cancer institute(2015) http://www.cancer.gov/types/retinoblastoma/hp/retinoblastoma-treatment-pdq Accessed on October 2 2015</ref> In the US, there are 250 to 350 new cases of retinoblastoma per year. Retinoblastoma presents with cumulative lifetime incidence rate of 1 case of retinoblastoma per 18,000 to 30,000 live births worldwide.<ref name="pmid15579980">{{cite journal| author=Abramson DH, Schefler AC| title=Update on retinoblastoma. | journal=Retina | year= 2004 | volume= 24 | issue= 6 | pages= 828-48 | pmid=15579980 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15579980  }} </ref> 90% of the retinoblastoma cases are diagnosed before three years of age.
*The [[tumor]] [[incidence]] has been reported 0.049 cases per 100,000 child aged 5 to 9.
===Prevalence===
*There is no data on the [[prevalence]] of retinoblastoma.
===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate===
*The [[mortality rate]] of retinoblastoma differs according to the stage of the [[disease]] as well as the geographic region.<ref name="DimarasKimani2012">{{cite journal|last1=Dimaras|first1=Helen|last2=Kimani|first2=Kahaki|last3=Dimba|first3=Elizabeth AO|last4=Gronsdahl|first4=Peggy|last5=White|first5=Abby|last6=Chan|first6=Helen SL|last7=Gallie|first7=Brenda L|title=Retinoblastoma|journal=The Lancet|volume=379|issue=9824|year=2012|pages=1436–1446|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61137-9}}</ref>
*In extraocular form of this [[disorder]] is reported to be greater than 50%.<ref name="KimKathpalia2008">{{cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=J W|last2=Kathpalia|first2=V|last3=Dunkel|first3=I J|last4=Wong|first4=R K|last5=Riedel|first5=E|last6=Abramson|first6=D H|title=Orbital recurrence of retinoblastoma following enucleation|journal=British Journal of Ophthalmology|volume=93|issue=4|year=2008|pages=463–467|issn=0007-1161|doi=10.1136/bjo.2008.138453}}</ref>
*However, [[tumors]] involving the [[optic disc]] superficially, are associated with 10% [[mortality rate]].<ref name="Chévez-BarriosEagle2015">{{cite journal|last1=Chévez-Barrios|first1=Patricia|last2=Eagle|first2=Ralph C.|last3=Marback|first3=Eduardo F.|title=Histopathologic Features and Prognostic Factors|year=2015|pages=167–183|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-43451-2_16}}</ref>


===Age===
===Age===
*The median age at the time of diagnosis is 18 months.<ref name="pmid9544909">{{cite journal| author=Abramson DH, Frank CM, Susman M, Whalen MP, Dunkel IJ, Boyd NW| title=Presenting signs of retinoblastoma. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1998 | volume= 132 | issue= 3 Pt 1 | pages= 505-8 | pmid=9544909 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9544909  }} </ref>
*The [[median]] age at the time of [[diagnosis]] is 18 months.<ref name="pmid9544909">{{cite journal| author=Abramson DH, Frank CM, Susman M, Whalen MP, Dunkel IJ, Boyd NW| title=Presenting signs of retinoblastoma. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1998 | volume= 132 | issue= 3 Pt 1 | pages= 505-8 | pmid=9544909 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9544909  }} </ref>
*The average age at diagnosis of retinoblastoma for children with unilateral disease and bilateral disease is 24 months and 12 months respectively.<ref name="pmid18621794">{{cite journal| author=Broaddus E, Topham A, Singh AD| title=Incidence of retinoblastoma in the USA: 1975-2004. | journal=Br J Ophthalmol | year= 2009 | volume= 93 | issue= 1 | pages= 21-3 | pmid=18621794 | doi=10.1136/bjo.2008.138750 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18621794  }} </ref>
*The average age at [[diagnosis]] of retinoblastoma for children with unilateral [[disease]] and [[bilateral]] [[disease]] is 24 months and 12 months respectively.<ref name="pmid18621794">{{cite journal| author=Broaddus E, Topham A, Singh AD| title=Incidence of retinoblastoma in the USA: 1975-2004. | journal=Br J Ophthalmol | year= 2009 | volume= 93 | issue= 1 | pages= 21-3 | pmid=18621794 | doi=10.1136/bjo.2008.138750 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18621794  }} </ref>
*However, cases of newly diagnosed retinoblastoma have been reported in children as old as 18 years and even in adults.<ref name="pmid4132770">{{cite journal| author=Binder PS| title=Unusual manifestations of retinoblastoma. | journal=Am J Ophthalmol | year= 1974 | volume= 77 | issue= 5 | pages= 674-9 | pmid=4132770 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4132770  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6830100">{{cite journal| author=Zakka KA, Yee RD, Foos RY| title=Retinoblastoma in a 12-year-old girl. | journal=Ann Ophthalmol | year= 1983 | volume= 15 | issue= 1 | pages= 88-91 | pmid=6830100 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6830100  }} </ref>
*Cases of newly [[Diagnose|diagnosed]] retinoblastoma have been reported in children as old as 18 years and even in [[Adult|adults]].<ref name="pmid4132770">{{cite journal| author=Binder PS| title=Unusual manifestations of retinoblastoma. | journal=Am J Ophthalmol | year= 1974 | volume= 77 | issue= 5 | pages= 674-9 | pmid=4132770 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4132770  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6830100">{{cite journal| author=Zakka KA, Yee RD, Foos RY| title=Retinoblastoma in a 12-year-old girl. | journal=Ann Ophthalmol | year= 1983 | volume= 15 | issue= 1 | pages= 88-91 | pmid=6830100 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6830100  }} </ref>
*In adult,retinoblastoma tends to present between 20 to 50 years of age.<ref name="pmid26035399">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaliki S, Shields CL, Gupta A, Mishra DK, Das C, Say EA, Shields JA |title=NEWLY DIAGNOSED ACTIVE RETINOBLASTOMA IN ADULTS |journal=Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=2483–8 |date=December 2015 |pmid=26035399 |doi=10.1097/IAE.0000000000000612 |url=}}</ref>
*In [[Adult|adults]], retinoblastoma tends to present between 20 to 50 years of age.<ref name="pmid26035399">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaliki S, Shields CL, Gupta A, Mishra DK, Das C, Say EA, Shields JA |title=NEWLY DIAGNOSED ACTIVE RETINOBLASTOMA IN ADULTS |journal=Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) |volume=35 |issue=12 |pages=2483–8 |date=December 2015 |pmid=26035399 |doi=10.1097/IAE.0000000000000612 |url=}}</ref>
*Trilateral retinoblastoma is a well-recognized syndrome that occurs in 5% to 15% of patients with heritable retinoblastoma and is defined by the development of an intracranial midline neuroblastic [[tumor]], which typically develops between the ages of 20 and 36 months.
*Trilateral retinoblastoma is a well-recognized [[syndrome]] that occurs in 5% to 15% of [[Patient|patients]] with [[heritable]] retinoblastoma and is defined by the [[development]] of an [[Cranial|intracranial]] midline [[Neuroblast|neuroblastic]] [[tumor]], which typically develops between the ages of 20 and 36 months.


===Gender===
===Gender===
Retinoblastoma affects males and females equally.<ref name="pmid9544909">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abramson DH, Frank CM, Susman M, Whalen MP, Dunkel IJ, Boyd NW |title=Presenting signs of retinoblastoma |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=132 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=505–8 |date=March 1998 |pmid=9544909 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Retinoblastoma affects [[Male|males]] and [[Female|females]] equally.<ref name="pmid9544909">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abramson DH, Frank CM, Susman M, Whalen MP, Dunkel IJ, Boyd NW |title=Presenting signs of retinoblastoma |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=132 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=505–8 |date=March 1998 |pmid=9544909 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
===Race===
===Race===
There is no racial predilection to the development of retinoblastoma.<ref name="pmid9544909">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abramson DH, Frank CM, Susman M, Whalen MP, Dunkel IJ, Boyd NW |title=Presenting signs of retinoblastoma |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=132 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=505–8 |date=March 1998 |pmid=9544909 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*There is no [[racial]] predilection to the development of retinoblastoma.<ref name="pmid9544909">{{cite journal |vauthors=Abramson DH, Frank CM, Susman M, Whalen MP, Dunkel IJ, Boyd NW |title=Presenting signs of retinoblastoma |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=132 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=505–8 |date=March 1998 |pmid=9544909 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
===Region===
===Region===
*India has the highest incidence of retinoblastoma with approximately 1500 new cases annually.<ref name="pmid22414599">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dimaras H, Kimani K, Dimba EA, Gronsdahl P, White A, Chan HS, Gallie BL |title=Retinoblastoma |journal=Lancet |volume=379 |issue=9824 |pages=1436–46 |date=April 2012 |pmid=22414599 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61137-9 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Epidemiological]] data indicates that retinoblastoma has a higher [[incidence]] in some geographic areas.<ref>{{cite book | last = Singh | first = Arun | title = Clinical ophthalmic oncology | publisher = Elsevier Saunders | location = Edinburgh | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-4160-3167-3 }}</ref>
*The table below provides the highest worldwide [[incidence rate]] of retinoblastoma in children aged 0 - 4:
 
{| border="3"
|+
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Country}} !! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Incidence}}
|-
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" align="center" |Mali
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | 4.25
|-
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" align="center" | Uganda
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |2.4
|-
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" align="center" | Zimbabwe
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |2.33
|-
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" align="center" | Hawaii
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |2.25
|-
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" align="center" | India
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |1.96
|-
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" align="center" | Vietnam
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |1.89
|-
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" align="center" |Singapore
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |1.88
|-
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" align="center" |New Zealand
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |1.78 - 1.86
|-
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" align="center" |Spain
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |1.78
|-
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" align="center" |Philippines
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |1.74
|-
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" align="center" |Colombia
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |1.71
|-
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" align="center" |Ecuador
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |1.66
|-
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" align="center" |Nigeria
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |1.61
|-
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" align="center" |Costa Rica
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |1.57
|-
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" align="center" |Peru
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |1.55
|}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
​


{{reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 23:59, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sahar Memar Montazerin, M.D.[2] Simrat Sarai, M.D. [3]

Overview

The incidence of retinoblastoma in the United States has been reported to be 1.2 cases per 100,000 children aged 4 years or younger. The median age at diagnosis of retinoblastoma is 18 months. The average age at diagnosis of retinoblastoma for children with unilateral disease and bilateral disease is 24 months and 12 months respectively. Retinoblastoma affects males and females equally. There is no racial predilection to the development of retinoblastoma.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

  • The incidence of retinoblastoma in the United States has been reported to be 1.2 cases per 100,000 children aged 4 years or younger.[1]
  • The tumor incidence has been reported 0.049 cases per 100,000 child aged 5 to 9.

Prevalence

  • There is no data on the prevalence of retinoblastoma.

Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate

Age

Gender

Race

  • There is no racial predilection to the development of retinoblastoma.[5]

Region

Country Incidence
Mali 4.25
Uganda 2.4
Zimbabwe 2.33
Hawaii 2.25
India 1.96
Vietnam 1.89
Singapore 1.88
New Zealand 1.78 - 1.86
Spain 1.78
Philippines 1.74
Colombia 1.71
Ecuador 1.66
Nigeria 1.61
Costa Rica 1.57
Peru 1.55

References

  1. ↑ Fernandes, Arthur Gustavo; Pollock, Benjamin D.; Rabito, Felicia A. (2018). "Retinoblastoma in the United States: A 40-Year Incidence and Survival Analysis". Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus. 55 (3): 182–188. doi:10.3928/01913913-20171116-03. ISSN 0191-3913.
  2. ↑ Dimaras, Helen; Kimani, Kahaki; Dimba, Elizabeth AO; Gronsdahl, Peggy; White, Abby; Chan, Helen SL; Gallie, Brenda L (2012). "Retinoblastoma". The Lancet. 379 (9824): 1436–1446. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61137-9. ISSN 0140-6736.
  3. ↑ Kim, J W; Kathpalia, V; Dunkel, I J; Wong, R K; Riedel, E; Abramson, D H (2008). "Orbital recurrence of retinoblastoma following enucleation". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 93 (4): 463–467. doi:10.1136/bjo.2008.138453. ISSN 0007-1161.
  4. ↑ Chévez-Barrios, Patricia; Eagle, Ralph C.; Marback, Eduardo F. (2015). "Histopathologic Features and Prognostic Factors": 167–183. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-43451-2_16.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Abramson DH, Frank CM, Susman M, Whalen MP, Dunkel IJ, Boyd NW (1998). "Presenting signs of retinoblastoma". J Pediatr. 132 (3 Pt 1): 505–8. PMID 9544909.
  6. ↑ Broaddus E, Topham A, Singh AD (2009). "Incidence of retinoblastoma in the USA: 1975-2004". Br J Ophthalmol. 93 (1): 21–3. doi:10.1136/bjo.2008.138750. PMID 18621794.
  7. ↑ Binder PS (1974). "Unusual manifestations of retinoblastoma". Am J Ophthalmol. 77 (5): 674–9. PMID 4132770.
  8. ↑ Zakka KA, Yee RD, Foos RY (1983). "Retinoblastoma in a 12-year-old girl". Ann Ophthalmol. 15 (1): 88–91. PMID 6830100.
  9. ↑ Kaliki S, Shields CL, Gupta A, Mishra DK, Das C, Say EA, Shields JA (December 2015). "NEWLY DIAGNOSED ACTIVE RETINOBLASTOMA IN ADULTS". Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.). 35 (12): 2483–8. doi:10.1097/IAE.0000000000000612. PMID 26035399.
  10. ↑ Singh, Arun (2007). Clinical ophthalmic oncology. Edinburgh: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4160-3167-3.

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