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{{Respiratory failure}}
{{Respiratory failure}}


{{CMG}}; {{AE}}  
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{HM}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Patients with respiratory failure usually appear distressed with altered mental status. Physical examination of patients with respiratory failure is usually remarkable for dyspnea, stridor, and tachypnea.
Patients with respiratory failure usually appear distressed with [[altered mental status]]. Physical examination of patients with respiratory failure is usually remarkable for [[dyspnea]], [[stridor]], and [[tachypnea]].


==Physical Examination==
==Physical Examination==
Physical examination of patients with respiratory failure is as follows:<ref name="pmid10559098">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rubenfeld GD, Caldwell E, Granton J, Hudson LD, Matthay MA |title=Interobserver variability in applying a radiographic definition for ARDS |journal=Chest |volume=116 |issue=5 |pages=1347–53 |date=November 1999 |pmid=10559098 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3298678">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gattinoni L, Presenti A, Torresin A, Baglioni S, Rivolta M, Rossi F, Scarani F, Marcolin R, Cappelletti G |title=Adult respiratory distress syndrome profiles by computed tomography |journal=J Thorac Imaging |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=25–30 |date=July 1986 |pmid=3298678 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
===Appearance of the Patient===
===Appearance of the Patient===
Patients with respiratory failure usually appear distressed with altered mental status.
Patients with respiratory failure usually appear distressed with [[altered mental status]]


===Vital Signs===  
===Vital Signs===  
*[[Tachycardia]]  
*[[Tachycardia]]  
*Arrhythmia
*[[Cardiac arrhythmia|Arrhythmia]]
*Tachypnea
*[[Tachypnea]]


===Skin===
===Skin===
*[[Cyanosis]]  
*[[Cyanosis]]  
*Bruises
*[[Bruise|Bruises]]
**May be due to insult to the neck or thorax
**May be due to insult to the neck or thorax
*[[Clubbing]]
*[[Rash|Rashes]]
**May suggest [[atopy]]


===HEENT===
===HEENT===
*Evidence of trauma
*Evidence of trauma
*Ophthalmoscopic exam may be abnormal with findings of papilledema
*Ophthalmoscopic exam may be abnormal with findings of [[papilledema]]
*Flared nares
*[[Accessory muscles of respiration|Flared nares]]
*[[Nasal polyp|Nasal polyps]]
**May suggest [[atopy]] or aspirin-induced asthma


===Neck===
===Neck===
Bruises may be noted
*[[Bruise|Bruises]]
*Elevated [[jugular venous pulse]]


===Lungs===
===Lungs===
Fine [[crackles]] upon auscultation of the lung basesbilaterally
*Fine [[crackles]] upon auscultation of the lung bases bilaterally
*Evidence of preexisting lung disease may also be present such as:
**Paradoxical thoraco-abdominal breathing
**[[Wheeze]]
***Typically absent and secondary to severe airway obstruction, representing a [[Status asthmaticus|silent chest]]
**Persistent scattered rhonchi
**Prolonged expiration
**Diffusely decreased breath sound
**Coarse crackles with inspiration


===Neuromuscular===
===Neuromuscular===
*Altered mental status
*[[Altered mental status]]
*Clonus may be present
*[[Clonus]]
**May be present


===Extremities===
===Extremities===
[[Cyanosis]]  
*[[Cyanosis]]
 
*Peripheral [[edema]]
 


==References==
==References==
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{{WH}}
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[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Anesthesiology]]

Latest revision as of 23:58, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2]

Overview

Patients with respiratory failure usually appear distressed with altered mental status. Physical examination of patients with respiratory failure is usually remarkable for dyspnea, stridor, and tachypnea.

Physical Examination

Physical examination of patients with respiratory failure is as follows:[1][2]

Appearance of the Patient

Patients with respiratory failure usually appear distressed with altered mental status

Vital Signs

Skin

HEENT

Neck

Lungs

  • Fine crackles upon auscultation of the lung bases bilaterally
  • Evidence of preexisting lung disease may also be present such as:
    • Paradoxical thoraco-abdominal breathing
    • Wheeze
      • Typically absent and secondary to severe airway obstruction, representing a silent chest
    • Persistent scattered rhonchi
    • Prolonged expiration
    • Diffusely decreased breath sound
    • Coarse crackles with inspiration

Neuromuscular

Extremities

References

  1. Rubenfeld GD, Caldwell E, Granton J, Hudson LD, Matthay MA (November 1999). "Interobserver variability in applying a radiographic definition for ARDS". Chest. 116 (5): 1347–53. PMID 10559098.
  2. Gattinoni L, Presenti A, Torresin A, Baglioni S, Rivolta M, Rossi F, Scarani F, Marcolin R, Cappelletti G (July 1986). "Adult respiratory distress syndrome profiles by computed tomography". J Thorac Imaging. 1 (3): 25–30. PMID 3298678.

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