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! style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 85%; background: #A8A8A8" align=center| {{fontcolor|#2B3B44|Polyuria Resident Survival Guide Microchapters}}
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! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | [[Polyuria resident survival guide#Overview|Overview]]
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! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | [[Polyuria resident survival guide#Causes|Causes]]
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! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | [[Polyuria resident survival guide#Approach to Polyuria|Diagnosis]]
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! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | [[Polyuria resident survival guide#Treatment|Treatment]]
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! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | [[Polyuria resident survival guide#Do's|Do's]]
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{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{ZO}}
{{SK}} Approach to polyuria, Approach to dilute urine, Polyuria management, Polyuria work-up
==Overview==
==Overview==
* [[Polyuria]] is defined as [[urine]] [[output]] more than 2 L/24 hours, or 30 ml/kg/24 hours. There are 3 [[pathophysiologic]] causes of [[polyuria]]: increased [[thirst]] ([[idiopathic]], [[psychogenic]] [[polydepsia]], [[hypothalamic]] disease, and [[medications]]), [[central diabetes insipidus]] (DI) (decreased secretion of [[arginine vasopressin]] ([[AVP]])), and [[nephrogenic diabetes insipidus]] (DI) ([[renal]] resistance to [[AVP]]).<ref name="pmid12617410">{{cite journal| author=Moore K, Thompson C, Trainer P| title=Disorders of water balance. | journal=Clin Med (Lond) | year= 2003 | volume= 3 | issue= 1 | pages= 28-33 | pmid=12617410 | doi=10.7861/clinmedicine.3-1-28 | pmc=4953350 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12617410  }} </ref>
* [[Polyuria]] is defined as [[urine]] [[output]] more than 2 L/24 hours, or 30 ml/kg/24 hours. There are 3 [[pathophysiologic]] causes of [[polyuria]]: increased [[thirst]] ([[idiopathic]], [[psychogenic]] [[polydepsia]], [[hypothalamic]] disease, and [[medications]]), [[central diabetes insipidus]] (DI) (decreased secretion of [[arginine vasopressin]] ([[AVP]])), and [[nephrogenic diabetes insipidus]] (DI) ([[renal]] resistance to [[AVP]]).<ref name="pmid12617410">{{cite journal| author=Moore K, Thompson C, Trainer P| title=Disorders of water balance. | journal=Clin Med (Lond) | year= 2003 | volume= 3 | issue= 1 | pages= 28-33 | pmid=12617410 | doi=10.7861/clinmedicine.3-1-28 | pmc=4953350 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12617410  }} </ref>
==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
*Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
*Life-threatening causes include conditions that may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
*Polyuria does not have life threatening causes.
*Polyuria does not have life-threatening causes.
 
===Common causes <ref name="pmid24490488">{{cite journal| author=Wieliczko M, Matuszkiewicz-Rowińska J| title=[Polyuria]. | journal=Wiad Lek | year= 2013 | volume= 66 | issue= 4 | pages= 324-8 | pmid=24490488 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24490488  }} </ref>  <ref name="pmid31586470">{{cite journal| author=Weiss JP, Everaert K| title=Management of Nocturia and Nocturnal Polyuria. | journal=Urology | year= 2019 | volume= 133S | issue=  | pages= 24-33 | pmid=31586470 | doi=10.1016/j.urology.2019.09.022 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31586470  }} </ref>===
===Common causes <ref name="pmid24490488">{{cite journal| author=Wieliczko M, Matuszkiewicz-Rowińska J| title=[Polyuria]. | journal=Wiad Lek | year= 2013 | volume= 66 | issue= 4 | pages= 324-8 | pmid=24490488 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24490488  }} </ref>  <ref name="pmid31586470">{{cite journal| author=Weiss JP, Everaert K| title=Management of Nocturia and Nocturnal Polyuria. | journal=Urology | year= 2019 | volume= 133S | issue=  | pages= 24-33 | pmid=31586470 | doi=10.1016/j.urology.2019.09.022 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31586470  }} </ref>===
* The most common causes of '''[[polyuria]]''' are:  
* The most common causes of '''[[polyuria]]''' are:  
**[[Pregnancy]]
**[[Pregnancy]]
**[[Psychogenic]] [[polydipsia]]
**[[Psychogenic polydipsia]]
**Central [[diabetes insipidus]] ([[CDI]])
**[[Central diabetes insipidus]] ([[CDI]])
**Nephrogenic [[diabetes insipidus]] ([[NDI]])
**[[Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus]] ([[NDI]])
**[[Diabetes mellitus]] ([[DM]])
**[[Diabetes mellitus]] ([[DM]])
**[[Chronic kidney disease]] ([[CKD]])
**[[Chronic kidney disease]] ([[CKD]])
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**Drinking alcohol or caffeine
**Drinking alcohol or caffeine


==Management==
==Approach to Polyuria==


Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the approach to polyuria.
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the approach to [[polyuria]].<br>
<span style="font-size:85%">'''Abbreviations:'''
'''DI:''' Diabetes insipidus;


</span>
===Hypotonic Polyuria===
{{Family tree/start}}  
{{Family tree/start}}  
{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | |A01='''Suspected hypotonic polyuria'''<ref name="pmid30779536">{{cite journal| author=Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, de Herder WW, Dungan K | display-authors=etal| title=Endotext | journal= | year= 2000 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=30779536 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>}}
{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | |A01='''Suspected hypotonic polyuria'''<ref name="pmid30779536">{{cite journal| author=Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, de Herder WW, Dungan K | display-authors=etal| title=Endotext | journal= | year= 2000 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=30779536 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>}}
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{{Family tree/end}}
{{Family tree/end}}


 
===Polyuria===
 
Shown below algorithm for the diagnostic approach to polyuria based on the American Journal of Kidney Diseases.
 
 
 
 
Shown below algorithm for the diagnostic approach to polyuria based on American Journal of Kidney Diseases.


{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree/start}}
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{{familytree | | | | | | | | | B01 | | | | | |B01='''Urine Osmolality'''}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | B01 | | | | | |B01='''Urine Osmolality'''}}
{{familytree | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| }}
{{familytree | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| }}
{{familytree | | C01 | | | | | C02 | | | | | C03 |C01='''Uosm <100mOsm/kg<br>(Water Diuresis)'''<br>*Psychogenic Polydipsia<br>*DI (central and nephrogenic)|C02='''Uosm =100-300mOsm (Mixed Polyuria)'''<br>*Partial DI(central and Nephrogenic)<br>*Simultaneous water and solute intake<br>*CKD|C03='''Uosm >300mOsm/kg<br>(Solute Diuresis)'''<br>*Hyperglycemia<br>*Azotemia<br>*High solute intake<br>intravenous fluids<br>enteral and parenteral nutrition<br>Exogenous supplements  
{{familytree | | C01 | | | | | C02 | | | | | C03 |C01=<div style="float: left; text-align: left;">'''Uosm <100mOsm/kg<br>(Water Diuresis)'''<br>*Psychogenic Polydipsia<br>*DI (central and nephrogenic)|C02=<div style="float: left; text-align: left;">'''Uosm =100-300mOsm (Mixed Polyuria)'''<br>*Partial DI(central and Nephrogenic)<br>*Simultaneous water and solute intake<br>*CKD|C03=<div style="float: left; text-align: left;">'''Uosm >300mOsm/kg<br>(Solute Diuresis)'''<br>*Hyperglycemia<br>*Azotemia<br>*High solute intake<br>intravenous fluids<br>enteral and parenteral nutrition<br>Exogenous supplements  
}}
}}
{{familytree | | |!| | | | | | |!| | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | |!| | | | | | |!| | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | |!|,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|.|!| | | | }}
{{familytree | | |!|,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|.|!| | | | }}
{{familytree | | D01 | | | | | | | | | | | D02 | |D01='''Water Deprivation Test'''|D02='''24-Hour Urine Collection'''<br>'''(estimation of osmoles)'''<br>*Urine sodium<br>*Urine potassium<br>*Urine glucose<br>*Urine urea nitrogen<br>*Other osmoles}}
{{familytree | | D01 | | | | | | | | | | | D02 | |D01='''Water Deprivation Test'''|D02=<div style="float: left; text-align: left;">'''24-Hour Urine Collection'''<br>'''(estimation of osmoles)'''<br>*Urine sodium<br>*Urine potassium<br>*Urine glucose<br>*Urine urea nitrogen<br>*Other osmoles}}
{{familytree/end}}
{{familytree/end}}
==Treatment==
The management of polyuria depends on the underlying cause. Click on each [[disease]] shown below to see detailed management for every [[cause]] of polyuria.
*[[Psychogenic polydipsia medical therapy|Psychogenic polydipsia]]
*[[Diabetes insipidus medical therapy|Diabetes insipidus]]
*[[Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus medical therapy|Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus type 1 medical therapy|Diabetes mellitus type 1]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus type 2 medical therapy|Diabetes mellitus type 2]]


==Do's==
==Do's==
 
* Recommend diet modification, like avoiding any food that irritates the bladder including caffeine, [[alcohol]], carbonated drinks, tomato-based products, chocolate, artificial sweeteners, and spicy foods.
* Recommend diet modification, like avoiding any food that irritates bladder including caffeine, alcohol, carbonated drinks, tomato-based products, chocolate, artificial sweeteners, and spicy foods.
* Monitor fluid food intake, drink enough to prevent constipation and over-concentration of [[urine]], and avoid drinking just before bedtime.  
* Monitor fluid food intake, drink enough to prevent constipation and over concentration of urine and avoid drinking just before the bedtime.  
* Recommend Kegel exercises to strengthen the muscles around the [[bladder]] and [[urethra]].
* Recommend Kegel exercises to strengthen the muscles around the bladder and urethra.
 
==Don'ts==
 
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Nephrology]]
[[Category:needs review]]

Latest revision as of 04:18, 31 July 2021

Polyuria Resident Survival Guide Microchapters
Overview
Causes
Diagnosis
Treatment
Do's

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zaida Obeidat, M.D.

Synonyms and keywords: Approach to polyuria, Approach to dilute urine, Polyuria management, Polyuria work-up

Overview

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

  • Life-threatening causes include conditions that may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
  • Polyuria does not have life-threatening causes.

Common causes [2] [3]

Approach to Polyuria

Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the approach to polyuria.
Abbreviations: DI: Diabetes insipidus;

Hypotonic Polyuria

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Suspected hypotonic polyuria[4]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Confirm presence of polyuria
>50ml/kg/24hrs or >3-4L/day
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Polyuria confirmed
 
 
 
No polyuria/ or >800 mOsm/kg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Measure urine osmolality
 
 
 
Diabetes insipidus(DI)/Primary polydipsia ruled out
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
<800 mOsm/kg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hypotonic polyuria confirmed
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Measure serum Sodium and plasma osmolality
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Low normal or low serum Sodium <150 mmol/L, plasma osmolality <280 mOsm/kg
 
 
 
 
Normal serum Sodium/plasma osmolality
 
 
 
High serum Sodium >146 mmol/L, plasma osmolality >300 mOsm/kg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary polydipsia
 
 
 
 
Indeterminate diagnosis
 
 
 
Central or Nephrogenic DI
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Water deprivation test
 
 
 
 
 
Baseline plasma copeptin
 
 
 
Hypertonic saline infusion test
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Urine Osm >800 mOsm/kg
 
Urine Osm <300 mOsm/kg
 
Urine Osm 300-800 mOsm/kg
 
 
 
 
 
 
Plasma coprptin >4.9pmol/L
 
Plasma coprptin <4.9pmol/L
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mild primary polyuria
 
Desmopressin administration
 
 
 
 
>21pmol/L
 
<2.6pmol/L
 
>2.6pmol/L
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Urine Osmolality: 300-800 mOsm/Kg and <50% increase
 
Nephrogenic DI(partial or complete)
 
Complete Central DI
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Therapeutic trial with desmopressin
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary polydipsia
 
Partial Nephrogenic DI
 
Partial Central DI
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Initial urine osmolality: 30 mOsm/kg and >50% increase after desmopressin:
 
Urine osmolality <300 mOsm/kg or <50% increase
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Complete Central DI
 
Complete Nephrogenic DI
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Polyuria

Shown below algorithm for the diagnostic approach to polyuria based on the American Journal of Kidney Diseases.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Polyuria
(Urine Output > 3L/d)[5]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Urine Osmolality
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Uosm <100mOsm/kg
(Water Diuresis)
*Psychogenic Polydipsia
*DI (central and nephrogenic)
 
 
 
 
Uosm =100-300mOsm (Mixed Polyuria)
*Partial DI(central and Nephrogenic)
*Simultaneous water and solute intake
*CKD
 
 
 
 
Uosm >300mOsm/kg
(Solute Diuresis)
*Hyperglycemia
*Azotemia
*High solute intake
intravenous fluids
enteral and parenteral nutrition
Exogenous supplements
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Water Deprivation Test
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
24-Hour Urine Collection
(estimation of osmoles)
*Urine sodium
*Urine potassium
*Urine glucose
*Urine urea nitrogen
*Other osmoles
 

Treatment

The management of polyuria depends on the underlying cause. Click on each disease shown below to see detailed management for every cause of polyuria.

Do's

  • Recommend diet modification, like avoiding any food that irritates the bladder including caffeine, alcohol, carbonated drinks, tomato-based products, chocolate, artificial sweeteners, and spicy foods.
  • Monitor fluid food intake, drink enough to prevent constipation and over-concentration of urine, and avoid drinking just before bedtime.
  • Recommend Kegel exercises to strengthen the muscles around the bladder and urethra.

References

  1. ↑ Moore K, Thompson C, Trainer P (2003). "Disorders of water balance". Clin Med (Lond). 3 (1): 28–33. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.3-1-28. PMC 4953350. PMID 12617410.
  2. ↑ Wieliczko M, Matuszkiewicz-Rowińska J (2013). "[Polyuria]". Wiad Lek. 66 (4): 324–8. PMID 24490488.
  3. ↑ Weiss JP, Everaert K (2019). "Management of Nocturia and Nocturnal Polyuria". Urology. 133S: 24–33. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2019.09.022. PMID 31586470.
  4. ↑ Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, de Herder WW, Dungan K; et al. (2000). "Endotext". PMID 30779536.
  5. ↑ Bhasin B, Velez JC (2016). "Evaluation of Polyuria: The Roles of Solute Loading and Water Diuresis". Am J Kidney Dis. 67 (3): 507–11. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.10.021. PMID 26687922.
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