Oral cancer primary prevention: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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[[Oral cancer]]
{{Oral cancer}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{Simrat}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{SSW}}, {{Simrat}}; {{GRR}} {{Nat}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
Effective measures for the primary prevention of oral cancer include [[tobacco]] cessation, [[alcohol]] cessation, eating variety of fruits and vegetables, and avoiding excessive sun exposure.  
Effective measures for the primary prevention of oral cancer include [[tobacco]] cessation, [[alcohol]] cessation, HPV vaccine, and avoiding excessive sun exposure.  


==Primary Prevention==
==Primary Prevention==
 
* Effective measures for the primary prevention of oral cancer include:<ref name="pmid65979">{{cite journal |vauthors=Weyne J, Kazemi H, Leusen I |title=Mechanisms of CSF bicarbonate formation in normocapnia |journal=Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochim. |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=908–10 |year=1976 |pmid=65979 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Tobacco cessation
** Tobacco cessation<ref name="pmid25443678">{{cite journal |vauthors=Huber MA, Tantiwongkosi B |title=Oral and oropharyngeal cancer |journal=Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=1299–321 |year=2014 |pmid=25443678 |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2014.08.005 |url=}}</ref>
Based on solid evidence, cessation of exposure to tobacco (e.g., cigarettes, pipes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco) leads to a decrease in the risk of cancer of the oral cavity and [[oropharynx]].
*** Based on solid evidence, cessation of exposure to tobacco (e.g., cigarettes, pipes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco) leads to a decrease in the risk of cancer of the oral cavity and [[oropharynx]].
 
** Cessation of alcohol consumption<ref name="pmid153801682">{{cite journal |vauthors=Altieri A, Bosetti C, Gallus S, Franceschi S, Dal Maso L, Talamini R, Levi F, Negri E, Rodriguez T, La Vecchia C |title=Wine, beer and spirits and risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer: a case-control study from Italy and Switzerland |journal=Oral Oncol. |volume=40 |issue=9 |pages=904–9 |year=2004 |pmid=15380168 |doi=10.1016/j.oraloncology.2004.04.005 |url=}}</ref>
*Cessation of alcohol consumption
*** Based on fair evidence, cessation of alcohol consumption leads to a decrease in oral cavity cancer but not until approximately 10 years after cessation.  
 
*** For cancer of the oropharynx, reduction in risk does not occur until approximately 20 years after cessation.
Based on fair evidence, cessation of alcohol consumption leads to a decrease in oral cavity cancer, but not until approximately 10 years after cessation. For cancer of the oropharynx, reduction in risk does not occur until approximately 20 years after cessation.
** Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine<ref name="pmid15380168">{{cite journal |vauthors=Altieri A, Bosetti C, Gallus S, Franceschi S, Dal Maso L, Talamini R, Levi F, Negri E, Rodriguez T, La Vecchia C |title=Wine, beer and spirits and risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer: a case-control study from Italy and Switzerland |journal=Oral Oncol. |volume=40 |issue=9 |pages=904–9 |year=2004 |pmid=15380168 |doi=10.1016/j.oraloncology.2004.04.005 |url=}}</ref>
 
*** Vaccination against HPV 16 and 18 has shown to prevent more than 90% of oral HPV 16/18 infections within 4 years of vaccination.  
*[[Human papillomavirus]] (HPV) infection
*** HPV-positive patients should be educated that their partners are at risk of developing cancer.  
Based on solid evidence, HPV 16 infection causes oropharyngeal cancer.[[ HPV]] 16 is a sufficient but not necessary cause. Other high-risk HPV subtypes, including HPV 18, have been found in a small percentage of oropharyngeal cancers. Tobacco and alcohol use does not appear to be associated with increased risk among people with evidence of HPV 16 L1 seropositivity or oral HPV 16 infection. Vaccination against HPV 16 and the other high-risk subtypes has been found with inadequate evidence of a reduced risk of oropharyngeal Cancer. Vaccination against HPV 16 and 18 has been shown to prevent more than 90% of oral HPV 16/18 infections within 4 years of vaccination. Given the relatively recent onset of vaccination adoption and the age at which individuals are vaccinated, there is not yet evidence that vaccination at a young age will lead to a substantially reduced risk of HPV-associated [[oropharyngeal]] cancer later in life. In addition, no data are available to examine whether [[incidence]] or [[mortality]] would be reduced if vaccination occurred at an age closer to that at which oropharyngeal cancers tend to present.<ref>{{Cite web | title =NIH Prevention for lip and oral cancer treatment factors| url =http://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/oral-prevention-pdq}}</ref>
** Safe oral sex
** Avoiding excessive sun exposure


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
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[[Category:Mature chapter]]
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{{WH}}
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[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Oncology]]
[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]

Latest revision as of 12:54, 11 April 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sargun Singh Walia M.B.B.S.[2], Simrat Sarai, M.D. [3]; Grammar Reviewer: Natalie Harpenau, B.S.[4]

Overview

Effective measures for the primary prevention of oral cancer include tobacco cessation, alcohol cessation, HPV vaccine, and avoiding excessive sun exposure.

Primary Prevention

  • Effective measures for the primary prevention of oral cancer include:[1]
    • Tobacco cessation[2]
      • Based on solid evidence, cessation of exposure to tobacco (e.g., cigarettes, pipes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco) leads to a decrease in the risk of cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx.
    • Cessation of alcohol consumption[3]
      • Based on fair evidence, cessation of alcohol consumption leads to a decrease in oral cavity cancer but not until approximately 10 years after cessation.
      • For cancer of the oropharynx, reduction in risk does not occur until approximately 20 years after cessation.
    • Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine[4]
      • Vaccination against HPV 16 and 18 has shown to prevent more than 90% of oral HPV 16/18 infections within 4 years of vaccination.
      • HPV-positive patients should be educated that their partners are at risk of developing cancer.
    • Safe oral sex
    • Avoiding excessive sun exposure

References

  1. ↑ Weyne J, Kazemi H, Leusen I (1976). "Mechanisms of CSF bicarbonate formation in normocapnia". Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochim. 84 (4): 908–10. PMID 65979.
  2. ↑ Huber MA, Tantiwongkosi B (2014). "Oral and oropharyngeal cancer". Med. Clin. North Am. 98 (6): 1299–321. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2014.08.005. PMID 25443678.
  3. ↑ Altieri A, Bosetti C, Gallus S, Franceschi S, Dal Maso L, Talamini R, Levi F, Negri E, Rodriguez T, La Vecchia C (2004). "Wine, beer and spirits and risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer: a case-control study from Italy and Switzerland". Oral Oncol. 40 (9): 904–9. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2004.04.005. PMID 15380168.
  4. ↑ Altieri A, Bosetti C, Gallus S, Franceschi S, Dal Maso L, Talamini R, Levi F, Negri E, Rodriguez T, La Vecchia C (2004). "Wine, beer and spirits and risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer: a case-control study from Italy and Switzerland". Oral Oncol. 40 (9): 904–9. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2004.04.005. PMID 15380168.


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