Nasopharyngeal carcinoma causes: Difference between revisions
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{{Nasopharyngeal carcinoma}} | {{Nasopharyngeal carcinoma}} | ||
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Homa}}{{Faizan}} | |||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Common [[causes]] of nasopharyngeal carcinoma include [[Epstein Barr virus]] ([[EBV infection|EBV infection)]], [[Human papillomavirus|Human Papillomavirus]] ([[HPV infection]]), and consumption of salted fish as a source of N-[[nitrosamine]]. | |||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
===Common Causes=== | |||
Common [[causes]] of nasopharyngeal carcinoma may include:<ref name="JiaQin2012">{{cite journal|last1=Jia|first1=Wei-Hua|last2=Qin|first2=Hai-De|title=Non-viral environmental risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A systematic review|journal=Seminars in Cancer Biology|volume=22|issue=2|year=2012|pages=117–126|issn=1044579X|doi=10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.01.009}}</ref><ref name="JiaLuo2010">{{cite journal|last1=Jia|first1=Wei-Hua|last2=Luo|first2=Xiang-Yu|last3=Feng|first3=Bing-Jian|last4=Ruan|first4=Hong-Lian|last5=Bei|first5=Jin-Xin|last6=Liu|first6=Wen-Sheng|last7=Qin|first7=Hai-De|last8=Feng|first8=Qi-Sheng|last9=Chen|first9=Li-Zhen|last10=Yao|first10=Shugart Yin|last11=Zeng|first11=Yi-Xin|title=Traditional Cantonese diet and nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk: a large-scale case-control study in Guangdong, China|journal=BMC Cancer|volume=10|issue=1|year=2010|issn=1471-2407|doi=10.1186/1471-2407-10-446}}</ref><ref name="GuoJohnson2009">{{cite journal|last1=Guo|first1=Xiuchan|last2=Johnson|first2=Randall C.|last3=Deng|first3=Hong|last4=Liao|first4=Jian|last5=Guan|first5=Li|last6=Nelson|first6=George W.|last7=Tang|first7=Mingzhong|last8=Zheng|first8=Yuming|last9=de The|first9=Guy|last10=O'Brien|first10=Stephen J.|last11=Winkler|first11=Cheryl A.|last12=Zeng|first12=Yi|title=Evaluation of nonviral risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in a high-risk population of Southern China|journal=International Journal of Cancer|volume=124|issue=12|year=2009|pages=2942–2947|issn=00207136|doi=10.1002/ijc.24293}}</ref><ref name="MaxwellKumar2009">{{cite journal|last1=Maxwell|first1=Jessica H.|last2=Kumar|first2=Bhavna|last3=Feng|first3=Felix Y.|last4=McHugh|first4=Jonathan B.|last5=Cordell|first5=Kitrina G.|last6=Eisbruch|first6=Avraham|last7=Worden|first7=Francis P.|last8=Wolf|first8=Gregory T.|last9=Prince|first9=Mark E.|last10=Moyer|first10=Jeffrey S.|last11=Teknos|first11=Theodoros N.|last12=Chepeha|first12=Douglas B.|last13=Stoerker|first13=Jay|last14=Walline|first14=Heather|last15=Carey|first15=Thomas E.|last16=Bradford|first16=Carol R.|title=HPV-positive/p16-positive/EBV-negative nasopharyngeal carcinoma in white North Americans|journal=Head & Neck|year=2009|pages=NA–NA|issn=10433074|doi=10.1002/hed.21216}}</ref><ref name="ChanLo2014">{{cite journal|last1=Chan|first1=Yap-Hang|last2=Lo|first2=Ching-Man|last3=Lau|first3=Hiu-Ying|last4=Lam|first4=Tai-Hing|title=Vertically transmitted nasopharyngeal infection of the human papillomavirus: Does it play an aetiological role in nasopharyngeal cancer?|journal=Oral Oncology|volume=50|issue=5|year=2014|pages=326–329|issn=13688375|doi=10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.12.025}}</ref><ref name="DoganHedberg2014">{{cite journal|last1=Dogan|first1=Snjezana|last2=Hedberg|first2=Matthew L.|last3=Ferris|first3=Robert L.|last4=Rath|first4=Tanya J.|last5=Assaad|first5=Adel M.|last6=Chiosea|first6=Simion I.|title=Human papillomavirus and Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma in a low-incidence population|journal=Head & Neck|volume=36|issue=4|year=2014|pages=511–516|issn=10433074|doi=10.1002/hed.23318}}</ref><ref name="StenmarkMcHugh2014">{{cite journal|last1=Stenmark|first1=Matthew H.|last2=McHugh|first2=Jonathan B.|last3=Schipper|first3=Matthew|last4=Walline|first4=Heather M.|last5=Komarck|first5=Christine|last6=Feng|first6=Felix Y.|last7=Worden|first7=Francis P.|last8=Wolf|first8=Gregory T.|last9=Chepeha|first9=Douglas B.|last10=Prince|first10=Mark E.|last11=Bradford|first11=Carol R.|last12=Mukherji|first12=Suresh K.|last13=Eisbruch|first13=Avraham|last14=Carey|first14=Thomas E.|title=Nonendemic HPV-Positive Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Association With Poor Prognosis|journal=International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics|volume=88|issue=3|year=2014|pages=580–588|issn=03603016|doi=10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.11.246}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | |||
| author = [[Radha Raghupathy]], [[Edwin Pun Hui]] & [[Anthony Tak Cheung Chan]] | |||
| title = Epstein-Barr virus as a paradigm in nasopharyngeal cancer: from lab to clinic | |||
| journal = [[American Society of Clinical Oncology educational book. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Annual Meeting]] | |||
| pages = 149–153 | |||
| year = 2014 | |||
| month = | |||
| doi = 10.14694/EdBook_AM.2014.34.149 | |||
| pmid = 24857071 | |||
}}</ref><ref name="PathmanathanPrasad1995">{{cite journal|last1=Pathmanathan|first1=Rajadurai|last2=Prasad|first2=Umapati|last3=Sadler|first3=Robert|last4=Flynn|first4=Kathryn|last5=Raab-Traub|first5=Nancy|title=Clonal Proliferations of Cells Infected with Epstein–Barr Virus in Preinvasive Lesions Related to Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=333|issue=11|year=1995|pages=693–698|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM199509143331103}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | |||
| author = [[A. S. Chan]], [[K. F. To]], [[K. W. Lo]], [[K. F. Mak]], [[W. Pak]], [[B. Chiu]], [[G. M. Tse]], [[M. Ding]], [[X. Li]], [[J. C. Lee]] & [[D. P. Huang]] | |||
| title = High frequency of chromosome 3p deletion in histologically normal nasopharyngeal epithelia from southern Chinese | |||
| journal = [[Cancer research]] | |||
| volume = 60 | |||
| issue = 19 | |||
| pages = 5365–5370 | |||
| year = 2000 | |||
| month = October | |||
| pmid = 11034072 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
*[[EBV infection]]: Role of [[EBV infection]] in the [[pathogenesis]] of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is established. Detection of [[EBV]] [[DNA]] and [[EBV]] [[gene expression]] even in the first phases of [[tumor]] [[transformation]] in all [[tumor cell]]<nowiki/>s confirmed this role. | |||
*[[HPV infection]]: [[Human papillomavirus|HPV infection]] is [[Association|associated]] with the non-[[endemic]] form of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The [[Patient|patients]] with [[Human papillomavirus|HPV]] positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma has poor [[prognosis]] rather than the [[Epstein Barr virus|EBV]] positive ones. | |||
*Consumption of salted fish: N-[[nitrosamine]] in salted fish acts as a [[carcinogenic]] factor on nasopharyngeal cells. [[Individual|Individuals]] who start consumption of salted fish from their [[childhood]] have a greater risk to [[Development|develop]] NPC rather than the ones who start in their adulthood. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
{{ | {{WH}} | ||
{{ | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category:(name of the system)]] | |||
[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Types of cancer]] | [[Category:Types of cancer]] | ||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Oncology]] | [[Category:Oncology]] | ||
[[Category:Otolaryngology]] | |||
Latest revision as of 22:53, 29 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Homa Najafi, M.D.[2]Faizan Sheraz, M.D. [3]
Overview
Common causes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma include Epstein Barr virus (EBV infection), Human Papillomavirus (HPV infection), and consumption of salted fish as a source of N-nitrosamine.
Causes
Common Causes
Common causes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma may include:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
- EBV infection: Role of EBV infection in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is established. Detection of EBV DNA and EBV gene expression even in the first phases of tumor transformation in all tumor cells confirmed this role.
- HPV infection: HPV infection is associated with the non-endemic form of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The patients with HPV positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma has poor prognosis rather than the EBV positive ones.
- Consumption of salted fish: N-nitrosamine in salted fish acts as a carcinogenic factor on nasopharyngeal cells. Individuals who start consumption of salted fish from their childhood have a greater risk to develop NPC rather than the ones who start in their adulthood.
References
- ↑ Jia, Wei-Hua; Qin, Hai-De (2012). "Non-viral environmental risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A systematic review". Seminars in Cancer Biology. 22 (2): 117–126. doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.01.009. ISSN 1044-579X.
- ↑ Jia, Wei-Hua; Luo, Xiang-Yu; Feng, Bing-Jian; Ruan, Hong-Lian; Bei, Jin-Xin; Liu, Wen-Sheng; Qin, Hai-De; Feng, Qi-Sheng; Chen, Li-Zhen; Yao, Shugart Yin; Zeng, Yi-Xin (2010). "Traditional Cantonese diet and nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk: a large-scale case-control study in Guangdong, China". BMC Cancer. 10 (1). doi:10.1186/1471-2407-10-446. ISSN 1471-2407.
- ↑ Guo, Xiuchan; Johnson, Randall C.; Deng, Hong; Liao, Jian; Guan, Li; Nelson, George W.; Tang, Mingzhong; Zheng, Yuming; de The, Guy; O'Brien, Stephen J.; Winkler, Cheryl A.; Zeng, Yi (2009). "Evaluation of nonviral risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in a high-risk population of Southern China". International Journal of Cancer. 124 (12): 2942–2947. doi:10.1002/ijc.24293. ISSN 0020-7136.
- ↑ Maxwell, Jessica H.; Kumar, Bhavna; Feng, Felix Y.; McHugh, Jonathan B.; Cordell, Kitrina G.; Eisbruch, Avraham; Worden, Francis P.; Wolf, Gregory T.; Prince, Mark E.; Moyer, Jeffrey S.; Teknos, Theodoros N.; Chepeha, Douglas B.; Stoerker, Jay; Walline, Heather; Carey, Thomas E.; Bradford, Carol R. (2009). "HPV-positive/p16-positive/EBV-negative nasopharyngeal carcinoma in white North Americans". Head & Neck: NA–NA. doi:10.1002/hed.21216. ISSN 1043-3074.
- ↑ Chan, Yap-Hang; Lo, Ching-Man; Lau, Hiu-Ying; Lam, Tai-Hing (2014). "Vertically transmitted nasopharyngeal infection of the human papillomavirus: Does it play an aetiological role in nasopharyngeal cancer?". Oral Oncology. 50 (5): 326–329. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.12.025. ISSN 1368-8375.
- ↑ Dogan, Snjezana; Hedberg, Matthew L.; Ferris, Robert L.; Rath, Tanya J.; Assaad, Adel M.; Chiosea, Simion I. (2014). "Human papillomavirus and Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma in a low-incidence population". Head & Neck. 36 (4): 511–516. doi:10.1002/hed.23318. ISSN 1043-3074.
- ↑ Stenmark, Matthew H.; McHugh, Jonathan B.; Schipper, Matthew; Walline, Heather M.; Komarck, Christine; Feng, Felix Y.; Worden, Francis P.; Wolf, Gregory T.; Chepeha, Douglas B.; Prince, Mark E.; Bradford, Carol R.; Mukherji, Suresh K.; Eisbruch, Avraham; Carey, Thomas E. (2014). "Nonendemic HPV-Positive Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Association With Poor Prognosis". International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics. 88 (3): 580–588. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.11.246. ISSN 0360-3016.
- ↑ Radha Raghupathy, Edwin Pun Hui & Anthony Tak Cheung Chan (2014). "Epstein-Barr virus as a paradigm in nasopharyngeal cancer: from lab to clinic". American Society of Clinical Oncology educational book. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Annual Meeting: 149–153. doi:10.14694/EdBook_AM.2014.34.149. PMID 24857071.
- ↑ Pathmanathan, Rajadurai; Prasad, Umapati; Sadler, Robert; Flynn, Kathryn; Raab-Traub, Nancy (1995). "Clonal Proliferations of Cells Infected with Epstein–Barr Virus in Preinvasive Lesions Related to Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma". New England Journal of Medicine. 333 (11): 693–698. doi:10.1056/NEJM199509143331103. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ↑ A. S. Chan, K. F. To, K. W. Lo, K. F. Mak, W. Pak, B. Chiu, G. M. Tse, M. Ding, X. Li, J. C. Lee & D. P. Huang (2000). "High frequency of chromosome 3p deletion in histologically normal nasopharyngeal epithelia from southern Chinese". Cancer research. 60 (19): 5365–5370. PMID 11034072. Unknown parameter
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