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==Overview==
==Overview==
Myocarditis can be [[Classification|classified]] based on the [[Causes|causative]], [[histological]], and clinicopathological [[criteria]]. [[Causes|Causative]] [[criteria]] include three main groups, as well as [[infectious]], [[Immune-mediated disease|immune-mediated,]] and [[toxic]] myocarditis. Based on the type of [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltrating]] [[Cells (biology)|cells]] myocarditis divided in [[lymphocytic]], [[eosinophilic]], [[polymorphic]], [[giant cell]] myocarditis, and [[cardiac sarcoidosis]]. [[Acute]], [[fulminant]], [[chronic]] active, and [[Chronic (medicine)|chronic]] persistent are subtypes of clinicopathopogical [[classification]].
Myocarditis can be [[Classification|classified]] based on the [[Causes|causative]], [[histological]], and clinicopathological [[criteria]]. [[Causes|Causative]] [[criteria]] include three main groups, as well as [[infectious]], [[Immune-mediated disease|immune-mediated,]] and [[toxic]] myocarditis. Based on the type of [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltrating]] [[Cells (biology)|cells]] myocarditis divided in [[lymphocytic]], [[eosinophilic]], [[polymorphic]], [[giant cell]] myocarditis, and [[cardiac sarcoidosis]]. [[Acute]], [[fulminant]], [[chronic]] active, and [[Chronic (medicine)|chronic]] persistent are subtypes of clinicopathopogical [[classification]].  


==Classification ==


* Myocarditis can be [[Classification|classified]] based on the [[Causes|causative]], [[histological]], and clinicopathological [[criteria]].
==Classification==
* Myocarditis may be [[Classification|classified]] according to [[Causes|causative]] [[criteria]] into three groups:<ref>{{cite journal|title=Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the Definition and Classification of Cardiomyopathies|journal=Circulation|volume=93|issue=5|year=1996|pages=841–842|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/01.CIR.93.5.841}}</ref><ref name="LeoneVeinot2012">{{cite journal|last1=Leone|first1=Ornella|last2=Veinot|first2=John P.|last3=Angelini|first3=Annalisa|last4=Baandrup|first4=Ulrik T.|last5=Basso|first5=Cristina|last6=Berry|first6=Gerald|last7=Bruneval|first7=Patrick|last8=Burke|first8=Margaret|last9=Butany|first9=Jagdish|last10=Calabrese|first10=Fiorella|last11=d'Amati|first11=Giulia|last12=Edwards|first12=William D.|last13=Fallon|first13=John T.|last14=Fishbein|first14=Michael C.|last15=Gallagher|first15=Patrick J.|last16=Halushka|first16=Marc K.|last17=McManus|first17=Bruce|last18=Pucci|first18=Angela|last19=Rodriguez|first19=E. René|last20=Saffitz|first20=Jeffrey E.|last21=Sheppard|first21=Mary N.|last22=Steenbergen|first22=Charles|last23=Stone|first23=James R.|last24=Tan|first24=Carmela|last25=Thiene|first25=Gaetano|last26=van der Wal|first26=Allard C.|last27=Winters|first27=Gayle L.|title=2011 Consensus statement on endomyocardial biopsy from the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology and the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology|journal=Cardiovascular Pathology|volume=21|issue=4|year=2012|pages=245–274|issn=10548807|doi=10.1016/j.carpath.2011.10.001}}</ref><ref name="KindermannBarth2012">{{cite journal|last1=Kindermann|first1=Ingrid|last2=Barth|first2=Christine|last3=Mahfoud|first3=Felix|last4=Ukena|first4=Christian|last5=Lenski|first5=Matthias|last6=Yilmaz|first6=Ali|last7=Klingel|first7=Karin|last8=Kandolf|first8=Reinhard|last9=Sechtem|first9=Udo|last10=Cooper|first10=Leslie T.|last11=Böhm|first11=Michael|title=Update on Myocarditis|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=59|issue=9|year=2012|pages=779–792|issn=07351097|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2011.09.074}}</ref><ref name="SagarLiu2012">{{cite journal|last1=Sagar|first1=Sandeep|last2=Liu|first2=Peter P|last3=Cooper|first3=Leslie T|title=Myocarditis|journal=The Lancet|volume=379|issue=9817|year=2012|pages=738–747|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60648-X}}</ref><ref name="DennertCrijns2008">{{cite journal|last1=Dennert|first1=R.|last2=Crijns|first2=H. J.|last3=Heymans|first3=S.|title=Acute viral myocarditis|journal=European Heart Journal|volume=29|issue=17|year=2008|pages=2073–2082|issn=0195-668X|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehn296}}</ref><ref name="MaronTowbin2006">{{cite journal|last1=Maron|first1=Barry J.|last2=Towbin|first2=Jeffrey A.|last3=Thiene|first3=Gaetano|last4=Antzelevitch|first4=Charles|last5=Corrado|first5=Domenico|last6=Arnett|first6=Donna|last7=Moss|first7=Arthur J.|last8=Seidman|first8=Christine E.|last9=Young|first9=James B.|title=Contemporary Definitions and Classification of the Cardiomyopathies|journal=Circulation|volume=113|issue=14|year=2006|pages=1807–1816|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287}}</ref><ref name="BockKlingel2010">{{cite journal|last1=Bock|first1=Claus-Thomas|last2=Klingel|first2=Karin|last3=Kandolf|first3=Reinhard|title=Human Parvovirus B19–Associated Myocarditis|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=362|issue=13|year=2010|pages=1248–1249|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMc0911362}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
 
*Myocarditis can be [[Classification|classified]] based on the [[Causes|causative]], [[histological]], and clinicopathological [[criteria]].
*Myocarditis may be [[Classification|classified]] according to [[Causes|causative]] [[criteria]] into three groups:<ref>{{cite journal|title=Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the Definition and Classification of Cardiomyopathies|journal=Circulation|volume=93|issue=5|year=1996|pages=841–842|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/01.CIR.93.5.841}}</ref><ref name="LeoneVeinot2012">{{cite journal|last1=Leone|first1=Ornella|last2=Veinot|first2=John P.|last3=Angelini|first3=Annalisa|last4=Baandrup|first4=Ulrik T.|last5=Basso|first5=Cristina|last6=Berry|first6=Gerald|last7=Bruneval|first7=Patrick|last8=Burke|first8=Margaret|last9=Butany|first9=Jagdish|last10=Calabrese|first10=Fiorella|last11=d'Amati|first11=Giulia|last12=Edwards|first12=William D.|last13=Fallon|first13=John T.|last14=Fishbein|first14=Michael C.|last15=Gallagher|first15=Patrick J.|last16=Halushka|first16=Marc K.|last17=McManus|first17=Bruce|last18=Pucci|first18=Angela|last19=Rodriguez|first19=E. René|last20=Saffitz|first20=Jeffrey E.|last21=Sheppard|first21=Mary N.|last22=Steenbergen|first22=Charles|last23=Stone|first23=James R.|last24=Tan|first24=Carmela|last25=Thiene|first25=Gaetano|last26=van der Wal|first26=Allard C.|last27=Winters|first27=Gayle L.|title=2011 Consensus statement on endomyocardial biopsy from the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology and the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology|journal=Cardiovascular Pathology|volume=21|issue=4|year=2012|pages=245–274|issn=10548807|doi=10.1016/j.carpath.2011.10.001}}</ref><ref name="KindermannBarth2012">{{cite journal|last1=Kindermann|first1=Ingrid|last2=Barth|first2=Christine|last3=Mahfoud|first3=Felix|last4=Ukena|first4=Christian|last5=Lenski|first5=Matthias|last6=Yilmaz|first6=Ali|last7=Klingel|first7=Karin|last8=Kandolf|first8=Reinhard|last9=Sechtem|first9=Udo|last10=Cooper|first10=Leslie T.|last11=Böhm|first11=Michael|title=Update on Myocarditis|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=59|issue=9|year=2012|pages=779–792|issn=07351097|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2011.09.074}}</ref><ref name="SagarLiu2012">{{cite journal|last1=Sagar|first1=Sandeep|last2=Liu|first2=Peter P|last3=Cooper|first3=Leslie T|title=Myocarditis|journal=The Lancet|volume=379|issue=9817|year=2012|pages=738–747|issn=01406736|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60648-X}}</ref><ref name="DennertCrijns2008">{{cite journal|last1=Dennert|first1=R.|last2=Crijns|first2=H. J.|last3=Heymans|first3=S.|title=Acute viral myocarditis|journal=European Heart Journal|volume=29|issue=17|year=2008|pages=2073–2082|issn=0195-668X|doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehn296}}</ref><ref name="MaronTowbin2006">{{cite journal|last1=Maron|first1=Barry J.|last2=Towbin|first2=Jeffrey A.|last3=Thiene|first3=Gaetano|last4=Antzelevitch|first4=Charles|last5=Corrado|first5=Domenico|last6=Arnett|first6=Donna|last7=Moss|first7=Arthur J.|last8=Seidman|first8=Christine E.|last9=Young|first9=James B.|title=Contemporary Definitions and Classification of the Cardiomyopathies|journal=Circulation|volume=113|issue=14|year=2006|pages=1807–1816|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287}}</ref><ref name="BockKlingel2010">{{cite journal|last1=Bock|first1=Claus-Thomas|last2=Klingel|first2=Karin|last3=Kandolf|first3=Reinhard|title=Human Parvovirus B19–Associated Myocarditis|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=362|issue=13|year=2010|pages=1248–1249|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMc0911362}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
  | author = [[P. Liu]], [[T. Martino]], [[M. A. Opavsky]] & [[J. Penninger]]
  | author = [[P. Liu]], [[T. Martino]], [[M. A. Opavsky]] & [[J. Penninger]]
  | title = Viral myocarditis: balance between viral infection and immune response
  | title = Viral myocarditis: balance between viral infection and immune response
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**[[Toxic]] myocarditis
**[[Toxic]] myocarditis


* Myocarditis may be [[Classification|classified]] according to [[histological]] [[criteria]] into five groups:<ref>{{Cite journal
*Myocarditis may be [[Classification|classified]] according to [[histological]] [[criteria]] into five groups:<ref>{{Cite journal
  | author = [[H. T. Aretz]], [[M. E. Billingham]], [[W. D. Edwards]], [[S. M. Factor]], [[J. T. Fallon]], [[J. J. Jr Fenoglio]], [[E. G. Olsen]] & [[F. J. Schoen]]
  | author = [[H. T. Aretz]], [[M. E. Billingham]], [[W. D. Edwards]], [[S. M. Factor]], [[J. T. Fallon]], [[J. J. Jr Fenoglio]], [[E. G. Olsen]] & [[F. J. Schoen]]
  | title = Myocarditis. A histopathologic definition and classification
  | title = Myocarditis. A histopathologic definition and classification
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**[[Cardiac sarcoidosis]]
**[[Cardiac sarcoidosis]]


* Myocarditis may be [[Classification|classified]] according to clinicopathological four [[criteria]] into three groups:<ref name="FelkerBoehmer2000">{{cite journal|last1=Felker|first1=G.Michael|last2=Boehmer|first2=John P|last3=Hruban|first3=Ralph H|last4=Hutchins|first4=Grover M|last5=Kasper|first5=Edward K|last6=Baughman|first6=Kenneth L|last7=Hare|first7=Joshua M|title=Echocardiographic findings in fulminant and acute myocarditis|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=36|issue=1|year=2000|pages=227–232|issn=07351097|doi=10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00690-2}}</ref><ref name="PinamontiAlberti1988">{{cite journal|last1=Pinamonti|first1=Bruno|last2=Alberti|first2=Ezip|last3=Cigalotto|first3=Alessandro|last4=Dreas|first4=Lorella|last5=Salvi|first5=Alessandro|last6=Silvestri|first6=Furio|last7=Camerini|first7=Fulvio|title=Echocardiographic findings in myocarditis|journal=The American Journal of Cardiology|volume=62|issue=4|year=1988|pages=285–291|issn=00029149|doi=10.1016/0002-9149(88)90226-3}}</ref><ref name="LiebermanHutchins1991">{{cite journal|last1=Lieberman|first1=Eric B.|last2=Hutchins|first2=Grover M.|last3=Herskowitz|first3=Ahvie|last4=Rose|first4=Noel R.|last5=Baughman|first5=Kenneth L.|title=Clinicopathoiogic description of myocarditis|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=18|issue=7|year=1991|pages=1617–1626|issn=07351097|doi=10.1016/0735-1097(91)90493-S}}</ref>
*Myocarditis may be [[Classification|classified]] according to clinicopathological four [[criteria]] into three groups:<ref name="FelkerBoehmer2000">{{cite journal|last1=Felker|first1=G.Michael|last2=Boehmer|first2=John P|last3=Hruban|first3=Ralph H|last4=Hutchins|first4=Grover M|last5=Kasper|first5=Edward K|last6=Baughman|first6=Kenneth L|last7=Hare|first7=Joshua M|title=Echocardiographic findings in fulminant and acute myocarditis|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=36|issue=1|year=2000|pages=227–232|issn=07351097|doi=10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00690-2}}</ref><ref name="PinamontiAlberti1988">{{cite journal|last1=Pinamonti|first1=Bruno|last2=Alberti|first2=Ezip|last3=Cigalotto|first3=Alessandro|last4=Dreas|first4=Lorella|last5=Salvi|first5=Alessandro|last6=Silvestri|first6=Furio|last7=Camerini|first7=Fulvio|title=Echocardiographic findings in myocarditis|journal=The American Journal of Cardiology|volume=62|issue=4|year=1988|pages=285–291|issn=00029149|doi=10.1016/0002-9149(88)90226-3}}</ref><ref name="LiebermanHutchins1991">{{cite journal|last1=Lieberman|first1=Eric B.|last2=Hutchins|first2=Grover M.|last3=Herskowitz|first3=Ahvie|last4=Rose|first4=Noel R.|last5=Baughman|first5=Kenneth L.|title=Clinicopathoiogic description of myocarditis|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=18|issue=7|year=1991|pages=1617–1626|issn=07351097|doi=10.1016/0735-1097(91)90493-S}}</ref>
**[[Fulminant]] myocarditis
**[[Fulminant]] myocarditis
**[[Acute (medicine)|Acute]] myocarditis
**[[Acute (medicine)|Acute]] myocarditis
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==Causative criteria==
==Causative criteria==


* Myocarditis can be [[Classification|classified]] based on the [[Causes|causative]] [[criteria]] into [[Immune-mediated disease|immune-mediated]] myocarditis, [[infectious]] myocarditis and [[toxic]] myocarditis.
*Myocarditis can be [[Classification|classified]] based on the [[Causes|causative]] [[criteria]] into [[Immune-mediated disease|immune-mediated]] myocarditis, [[infectious]] myocarditis and [[toxic]] myocarditis. bkjvskaljbkjbkjbakj
 
 




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•Rheumatic heart disease|}}
•Rheumatic heart disease|}}
{{familytree/end}}
{{familytree/end}}




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==Histological criteria==
==Histological criteria==
* Myocarditis can be [[Classification|classified]] based on the type of [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltrating]] [[Cells (biology)|cells]] in [[lymphocytic]], [[eosinophilic]], [[polymorphic]], [[giant cell]] myocarditis, and [[cardiac sarcoidosis]].
 
*Myocarditis can be [[Classification|classified]] based on the type of [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltrating]] [[Cells (biology)|cells]] in [[lymphocytic]], [[eosinophilic]], [[polymorphic]], [[giant cell]] myocarditis, and [[cardiac sarcoidosis]].




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==Clinicopathological criteria==
==Clinicopathological criteria==


*'''Fulminant myocarditis:''' Fulminant myocarditis occurs following a viral prodrome.  Fulminant myocarditis presents as acute severe cardiovascular compromise with ventricular dysfunction. On [[endomyocardial biopsy]], there are multiple foci of inflammation.<ref name="pmid1960305">{{cite journal| author=Lieberman EB, Hutchins GM, Herskowitz A, Rose NR, Baughman KL| title=Clinicopathologic description of myocarditis. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1991 | volume= 18 | issue= 7 | pages= 1617-26 | pmid=1960305 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid10706898">{{cite journal| author=McCarthy RE, Boehmer JP, Hruban RH, Hutchins GM, Kasper EK, Hare JM et al.| title=Long-term outcome of fulminant myocarditis as compared with acute (nonfulminant) myocarditis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2000 | volume= 342 | issue= 10 | pages= 690-5 | pmid=10706898 | doi=10.1056/NEJM200003093421003 | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
*'''Fulminant myocarditis:''' [[Fulminant]] myocarditis occurs following a [[viral]] [[prodrome]].  [[Fulminant]] myocarditis presents as [[acute]] severe [[cardiovascular]] compromise with [[ventricular dysfunction]]. On [[endomyocardial biopsy]], there are multiple foci of [[inflammation]].<ref name="pmid1960305">{{cite journal| author=Lieberman EB, Hutchins GM, Herskowitz A, Rose NR, Baughman KL| title=Clinicopathologic description of myocarditis. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1991 | volume= 18 | issue= 7 | pages= 1617-26 | pmid=1960305 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid10706898">{{cite journal| author=McCarthy RE, Boehmer JP, Hruban RH, Hutchins GM, Kasper EK, Hare JM et al.| title=Long-term outcome of fulminant myocarditis as compared with acute (nonfulminant) myocarditis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2000 | volume= 342 | issue= 10 | pages= 690-5 | pmid=10706898 | doi=10.1056/NEJM200003093421003 | pmc= | url= }} </ref>


*'''Acute myocarditis:''' Acute myocarditis presents with a less distinct onset of the illness.  When the patient does present, there is already a decline in left ventricular dysfunction. Acute myocarditis may progress to [[dilated cardiomyopathy]].
*'''Acute myocarditis:''' [[Acute]] myocarditis presents with a less distinct onset of the [[illness]].  When the [[patient]] does present, there is already a decline in [[left ventricular dysfunction]]. [[Acute (medicine)|Acute]] myocarditis may progress to [[dilated cardiomyopathy]].


*'''Chronic active myocarditis:''' Chronic active myocarditis has a less distinct onset of the illness.  There are clinical and histologic relapses and the development of ventricular dysfunction.  Histologically, chronic inflammatory changes with mild to moderate [[fibrosis]] may be develop after 2 to 4 years.
*'''Chronic active myocarditis:''' [[Chronic (medical)|Chronic]] active myocarditis has a less distinct onset of the [[illness]].  There are [[clinical]] and [[Histological|histologic]] [[Relapse|relapses]] and the [[development]] of [[ventricular dysfunction]].  [[Histologically]], [[Chronic (medicine)|chronic]] [[inflammatory]] changes with mild to moderate [[fibrosis]] may be [[Development (biology)|develop]] after 2 to 4 years.


*'''Chronic persistent myocarditis:''' Chronic persistent myocarditis has a less distinct onset of the illness. Histologically it is characterized by persistent infiltration and myocyte [[necrosis]].  Despite the presence of symptoms, [[ventricular dysfunction]] is absent.<ref name="LiebermanHutchins1991">{{cite journal|last1=Lieberman|first1=Eric B.|last2=Hutchins|first2=Grover M.|last3=Herskowitz|first3=Ahvie|last4=Rose|first4=Noel R.|last5=Baughman|first5=Kenneth L.|title=Clinicopathoiogic description of myocarditis|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=18|issue=7|year=1991|pages=1617–1626|issn=07351097|doi=10.1016/0735-1097(91)90493-S}}</ref>
*'''Chronic persistent myocarditis:''' [[Chronic (medical)|Chronic]] persistent myocarditis has a less distinct onset of the illness. [[Histologically]] it is [[Characterization (mathematics)|characterized]] by persistent [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltration]] and [[myocyte]] [[necrosis]].  Despite the presence of [[symptoms]], [[ventricular dysfunction]] is absent.<ref name="LiebermanHutchins1991">{{cite journal|last1=Lieberman|first1=Eric B.|last2=Hutchins|first2=Grover M.|last3=Herskowitz|first3=Ahvie|last4=Rose|first4=Noel R.|last5=Baughman|first5=Kenneth L.|title=Clinicopathoiogic description of myocarditis|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=18|issue=7|year=1991|pages=1617–1626|issn=07351097|doi=10.1016/0735-1097(91)90493-S}}</ref>




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==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
{{WS}}
{{WH}}


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{{WH}}

Latest revision as of 13:33, 15 April 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S. Maliha Shakil, M.D. [2] Homa Najafi, M.D.[3]

Overview

Myocarditis can be classified based on the causative, histological, and clinicopathological criteria. Causative criteria include three main groups, as well as infectious, immune-mediated, and toxic myocarditis. Based on the type of infiltrating cells myocarditis divided in lymphocytic, eosinophilic, polymorphic, giant cell myocarditis, and cardiac sarcoidosis. Acute, fulminant, chronic active, and chronic persistent are subtypes of clinicopathopogical classification.


Classification

Causative criteria




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Immune-mediated myocarditis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Allergens
 
 
 
 
 
 
Alloantigens
 
 
 
 
 
 
Autoantigens
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
•Tetanus toxoid

•Vaccines

•Serum sickness
 
 
 
Drugs:

•Penicillin

•Cefaclor

•Colchicine

•Furosemide

•Isoniazid

•Lidocaine

•Tetracycline

•Sulfonamides

•Phenytoin

•Phenylbutazone

•Methyldopa

•Thiazide diuretics

•Amitriptyline
 
 
 
Heart transplant rejection
 
 
 
•Infection-negative lymphocytic


Infection-negative giant cell
 
 
 
Autoimmune disorders:

•SLE

•Rheumatoid arthritis

•Churg-Strauss syndrome

•Kawasaki's disease

•IBD

•Scleroderma

•Polymyositis

•Myasthenia gravis

•DM type1

•Thyrotoxicosis

•Sarcoidosis

•Wegener's granulomatosis

•Rheumatic heart disease
 



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Toxic myocarditis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Drugs
 
 
 
Heavy metals
 
 
 
Hormones
 
 
 
Physical agents
 
 
 
Miscellaneous
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
•Amphetamines

•Anthracyclines

•Cocaine

•Cyclophosphamide

•Ethanol

•Fluorouracil

•Lithium

•Catecholamines

•Hematine

•Interleukin-2

•Trastuzumab

•Clozapine
 
 
 
•Copper

•Iron

•Lead
 
 
 
•Phaeochromocytoma


•Beriberi
 
 
 
•Radiation


•Electric shock
 
 
 
•Scorpion sting

•Snake, and spider bites

•Bee and wasp stings

•Carbon monoxide

•Inhalant

•Phosphorus

•Arsenic

•Sodium azide
 
 


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Infectious myocarditis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Bacterial
 
 
Spirochaetal
 
 
Fungal
 
 
Protozoal
 
 
Parasitic
 
 
Rickettsial
 
 
Viral
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
•Staphylococcus

•Streptococcus

•Pneumococcus

•Meningococcus

•Gonococcus

•Salmonella

•Corynebacterium diphtheriae

•Haemophilus influenzae

•Mycobacterium tuberculosis

•Mycoplasma pneumonia

•Brucella
 
 
•Borrelia •Leptospira
 
 
•Aspergillus

•Actinomyces

•Blastomyces

•Candida

•Coccidioides

•Cryptococcus

•Histoplasma

•Mucormycosis

•Nocardia

•Sporothrix
 
 
•Trypanosoma cruzi

•Toxoplasma gondii

•Entamoeba

•Leishmania
 
 
•Trichinella spiralis

•Echinococcus granulosus

•Taenia solium
 
 
•Coxiella burnetii

•R.rickettsii

•R.tsutsugamushi
 
 
•Coxsackievirus

•Echoviruses

•Polioviruses

•Influenza A & B viruses

•RSV

•Mumps virus

•Measles virus

•Rubella virus

•Hepatitis C virus

•Dengue virus

•Yellow fever virus

•HIV-1

•Adenoviruses

•Paravirus B19

•Cytomegalovirus

•HSV-6

•EBV

•VZV

•HSV
 

Histological criteria


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Classification based on histological criteria
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Lymphocytic
 
 
 
Eosinophilic
 
 
 
Polymorphic
 
 
 
Giant cell
 
 
 
Cardiac sarcoidosis
 
 


Clinicopathological criteria


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Classification based on clinicopathological criteria
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fulminant myocarditis
 
 
 
Acute myocarditis
 
 
 
Chronic active myocarditis
 
 
 
Chronic persistent myocarditis
 
 

References

  1. ↑ "Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the Definition and Classification of Cardiomyopathies". Circulation. 93 (5): 841–842. 1996. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.93.5.841. ISSN 0009-7322.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Leone, Ornella; Veinot, John P.; Angelini, Annalisa; Baandrup, Ulrik T.; Basso, Cristina; Berry, Gerald; Bruneval, Patrick; Burke, Margaret; Butany, Jagdish; Calabrese, Fiorella; d'Amati, Giulia; Edwards, William D.; Fallon, John T.; Fishbein, Michael C.; Gallagher, Patrick J.; Halushka, Marc K.; McManus, Bruce; Pucci, Angela; Rodriguez, E. René; Saffitz, Jeffrey E.; Sheppard, Mary N.; Steenbergen, Charles; Stone, James R.; Tan, Carmela; Thiene, Gaetano; van der Wal, Allard C.; Winters, Gayle L. (2012). "2011 Consensus statement on endomyocardial biopsy from the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology and the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology". Cardiovascular Pathology. 21 (4): 245–274. doi:10.1016/j.carpath.2011.10.001. ISSN 1054-8807.
  3. ↑ Kindermann, Ingrid; Barth, Christine; Mahfoud, Felix; Ukena, Christian; Lenski, Matthias; Yilmaz, Ali; Klingel, Karin; Kandolf, Reinhard; Sechtem, Udo; Cooper, Leslie T.; Böhm, Michael (2012). "Update on Myocarditis". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 59 (9): 779–792. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.09.074. ISSN 0735-1097.
  4. ↑ Sagar, Sandeep; Liu, Peter P; Cooper, Leslie T (2012). "Myocarditis". The Lancet. 379 (9817): 738–747. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60648-X. ISSN 0140-6736.
  5. ↑ Dennert, R.; Crijns, H. J.; Heymans, S. (2008). "Acute viral myocarditis". European Heart Journal. 29 (17): 2073–2082. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn296. ISSN 0195-668X.
  6. ↑ Maron, Barry J.; Towbin, Jeffrey A.; Thiene, Gaetano; Antzelevitch, Charles; Corrado, Domenico; Arnett, Donna; Moss, Arthur J.; Seidman, Christine E.; Young, James B. (2006). "Contemporary Definitions and Classification of the Cardiomyopathies". Circulation. 113 (14): 1807–1816. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287. ISSN 0009-7322.
  7. ↑ Bock, Claus-Thomas; Klingel, Karin; Kandolf, Reinhard (2010). "Human Parvovirus B19–Associated Myocarditis". New England Journal of Medicine. 362 (13): 1248–1249. doi:10.1056/NEJMc0911362. ISSN 0028-4793.
  8. ↑ P. Liu, T. Martino, M. A. Opavsky & J. Penninger (1996). "Viral myocarditis: balance between viral infection and immune response". The Canadian journal of cardiology. 12 (10): 935–943. PMID 9191484. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Cambridge, G; MacArthur, C G; Waterson, A P; Goodwin, J F; Oakley, C M (1979). "Antibodies to Coxsackie B viruses in congestive cardiomyopathy". Heart. 41 (6): 692–696. doi:10.1136/hrt.41.6.692. ISSN 1355-6037.
  10. ↑ H. T. Aretz, M. E. Billingham, W. D. Edwards, S. M. Factor, J. T. Fallon, J. J. Jr Fenoglio, E. G. Olsen & F. J. Schoen (1987). "Myocarditis. A histopathologic definition and classification". The American journal of cardiovascular pathology. 1 (1): 3–14. PMID 3455232. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ Gore, Ira; Saphir, Otto (1947). "Myocarditis". American Heart Journal. 34 (6): 827–830. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(47)90147-6. ISSN 0002-8703.
  12. ↑ Felker, G.Michael; Boehmer, John P; Hruban, Ralph H; Hutchins, Grover M; Kasper, Edward K; Baughman, Kenneth L; Hare, Joshua M (2000). "Echocardiographic findings in fulminant and acute myocarditis". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 36 (1): 227–232. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00690-2. ISSN 0735-1097.
  13. ↑ Pinamonti, Bruno; Alberti, Ezip; Cigalotto, Alessandro; Dreas, Lorella; Salvi, Alessandro; Silvestri, Furio; Camerini, Fulvio (1988). "Echocardiographic findings in myocarditis". The American Journal of Cardiology. 62 (4): 285–291. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(88)90226-3. ISSN 0002-9149.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Lieberman, Eric B.; Hutchins, Grover M.; Herskowitz, Ahvie; Rose, Noel R.; Baughman, Kenneth L. (1991). "Clinicopathoiogic description of myocarditis". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 18 (7): 1617–1626. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(91)90493-S. ISSN 0735-1097.
  15. ↑ Lieberman EB, Hutchins GM, Herskowitz A, Rose NR, Baughman KL (1991). "Clinicopathologic description of myocarditis". J Am Coll Cardiol. 18 (7): 1617–26. PMID 1960305.
  16. ↑ McCarthy RE, Boehmer JP, Hruban RH, Hutchins GM, Kasper EK, Hare JM; et al. (2000). "Long-term outcome of fulminant myocarditis as compared with acute (nonfulminant) myocarditis". N Engl J Med. 342 (10): 690–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM200003093421003. PMID 10706898.

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