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'''Mesothelin''', also known as '''MSLN''', is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''MSLN'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid7665620">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kojima T, Oh-eda M, Hattori K, Taniguchi Y, Tamura M, Ochi N, Yamaguchi N | title = Molecular cloning and expression of megakaryocyte potentiating factor cDNA | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 270 | issue = 37 | pages = 21984–90 |date=September 1995 | pmid = 7665620 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.37.21984| url = http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7665620 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8552591">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chang K, Pastan I | title = Molecular cloning of mesothelin, a differentiation antigen present on mesothelium, mesotheliomas, and ovarian cancers | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 93 | issue = 1 | pages = 136–40 |date=January 1996 | pmid = 8552591 | pmc = 40193 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.93.1.136| url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8552591 }}</ref>
'''Mesothelin''', also known as '''MSLN''', is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''MSLN'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid7665620">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kojima T, Oh-eda M, Hattori K, Taniguchi Y, Tamura M, Ochi N, Yamaguchi N | title = Molecular cloning and expression of megakaryocyte potentiating factor cDNA | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 270 | issue = 37 | pages = 21984–90 |date=September 1995 | pmid = 7665620 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.270.37.21984| url = http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7665620 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8552591">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chang K, Pastan I | title = Molecular cloning of mesothelin, a differentiation antigen present on mesothelium, mesotheliomas, and ovarian cancers | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 93 | issue = 1 | pages = 136–40 |date=January 1996 | pmid = 8552591 | pmc = 40193 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.93.1.136| url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8552591 | bibcode = 1996PNAS...93..136C }}</ref>


== Function ==
== Function ==


Mesothelin is a 40 [[Atomic mass unit|kDa]] protein present on normal [[mesothelium|mesothelial]] cells and overexpressed in several human tumors, including [[mesothelioma]] and ovarian and pancreatic [[adenocarcinoma]]. The protein was first identified by its reactivity with monoclonal antibody K1.<ref name="pmid 1727378">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chang K, Pai LH, Batra JK, Pastan I, Willingham MC | title = Characterization of the Antigen (CAK1) Recognized by Monoclonal Antibody K1 Present on Ovarian Cancers and Normal Mesothelium| journal = Cancer Res| volume = 52 | issue = 1 | pages = 181–6|date=January 1992 | pmid = 1727378 | doi =  | url = }}</ref> Subsequent cloning studies showed that the mesothelin gene encodes a precursor protein that is processed to yield mesothelin which is attached to the cell membrane by a [[glycophosphatidylinositol]] linkage and a 31-kDa shed fragment named [[megakaryocyte]]-potentiating factor (MPF). Although it has been proposed that mesothelin may be involved in [[cell adhesion]], its biological function is not known.<ref name="pmid15217923">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hassan R, Bera T, Pastan I | title = Mesothelin: a new target for immunotherapy | journal = Clin. Cancer Res. | volume = 10 | issue = 12 Pt 1 | pages = 3937–42 |date=June 2004 | pmid = 15217923 | doi = 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-03-0801 }}</ref>
Mesothelin is a 40 [[Atomic mass unit|kDa]] protein that is expressed in [[mesothelium|mesothelial]] cells.<ref name = "Hassan_2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hassan R, Ho M | title = Mesothelin targeted cancer immunotherapy | journal = European Journal of Cancer | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 46–53 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 17945478 | pmc = 2265108 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.08.028 }}</ref> The protein was first identified by its reactivity with monoclonal antibody K1.<ref name="pmid 1727378">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chang K, Pai LH, Batra JK, Pastan I, Willingham MC | title = Characterization of the antigen (CAK1) recognized by monoclonal antibody K1 present on ovarian cancers and normal mesothelium | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 52 | issue = 1 | pages = 181–6 | date = January 1992 | pmid = 1727378 | doi =  }}</ref> Subsequent cloning studies showed that the mesothelin gene encodes a precursor protein that is processed to yield mesothelin which is attached to the cell membrane by a [[glycophosphatidylinositol]] linkage and a 31-kDa shed fragment named [[megakaryocyte]]-potentiating factor (MPF). Although it has been proposed that mesothelin may be involved in [[cell adhesion]], its biological function is not known.<ref name="pmid15217923">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hassan R, Bera T, Pastan I | title = Mesothelin: a new target for immunotherapy | journal = Clinical Cancer Research | volume = 10 | issue = 12 Pt 1 | pages = 3937–42 | date = June 2004 | pmid = 15217923 | doi = 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-03-0801 }}</ref> A [[knockout mouse]] line that lacks mesothelin reproduces and develops normally.<ref name = "Bera TK and Pastan I 2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bera TK, Pastan I | title = Mesothelin is not required for normal mouse development or reproduction | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 20 | issue = 8 | pages = 2902–6 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10733593 | pmc = 85523 | doi =  10.1128/MCB.20.8.2902-2906.2000 }}</ref>


A [[knockout mouse]] line that lacks mesothelin reproduces and develops normally.<ref name = "Bera TK and Pastan I 2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bera TK, Pastan I | title = Mesothelin is not required for normal mouse development or reproduction | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 20 | issue = 8 | pages = 2902–6 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10733593 | pmc = 85523 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.20.8.2902-2906.2000 }}</ref>
Mesothelin is over expressed in several human tumors, including [[mesothelioma|mesothelioma,]] ovarian cancer, pancreatic [[adenocarcinoma]]<ref name = "Hassan_2008" /> and [[cholangiocarcinoma]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yu L, Feng M, Kim H, Phung Y, Kleiner DE, Gores GJ, Qian M, Wang XW, Ho M | title = Mesothelin as a potential therapeutic target in human cholangiocarcinoma | journal = Journal of Cancer | volume = 1 | pages = 141–9 | date = October 2010 | pmid = 20922056 | pmc = 2948219 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ho M | title = Advances in liver cancer antibody therapies: a focus on glypican-3 and mesothelin | journal = BioDrugs | volume = 25 | issue = 5 | pages = 275–84 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21942912 | pmc = 3198870 | doi = 10.2165/11595360-000000000-00000 }}</ref>  The interaction between mesothelin and [[MUC16]] (also known as CA125) may facilitate the implantation and [[peritoneal]] spread of tumors by [[cell adhesion]]. Dr. Mitchell Ho and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute identified the region (residues 296-359) consisting of 64 amino acids at the N-terminus of cell surface mesothelin as the functional binding domain for MUC16.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kaneko O, Gong L, Zhang J, Hansen JK, Hassan R, Lee B, Ho M | title = A binding domain on mesothelin for CA125/MUC16 | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 284 | issue = 6 | pages = 3739–49 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19075018 | pmc = 2635045 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M806776200 }}</ref>


== Medical applications ==
== Medical applications ==


Mesothelin is a tumour differentiation antigen that is normally present on the [[mesothelial]] cells lining the [[pleura]], [[peritoneum]] and [[pericardium]].<ref name="pmid17945478">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hassan R, Ho M | title = Mesothelin targeted cancer immunotherapy | journal = Eur. J. Cancer | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 46–53 |date=January 2008 | pmid = 17945478 | pmc = 2265108 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.08.028 | url = }}</ref> Since mesothelin is overexpressed in several cancers and is [[immunogenicity|immunogenic]], the protein could be exploited as tumor marker or as the antigenic target of a therapeutic cancer vaccine.<ref name="pmid15217923"/><ref name="pmid17945478" /> A 2016 review indicates that some immunotherapeutic strategies have shown encouraging results in early-phase clinical trials. <ref name = "Morello_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Morello A, Sadelain M, Adusumilli PS | title = Mesothelin-Targeted CARs: Driving T Cells to Solid Tumors | journal = Cancer Discovery | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 133–46 | year = 2016 | pmid = 26503962 | pmc = 4744527 | doi = 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-15-0583 }}</ref>
Mesothelin is a tumour differentiation antigen that is normally present on the [[mesothelial]] cells lining the [[pleura]], [[peritoneum]] and [[pericardium]].<ref name="pmid17945478">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hassan R, Ho M | title = Mesothelin targeted cancer immunotherapy | journal = Eur. J. Cancer | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 46–53 |date=January 2008 | pmid = 17945478 | pmc = 2265108 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.08.028 | url = }}</ref> Since mesothelin is overexpressed in several cancers and is [[immunogenicity|immunogenic]], the protein could be exploited as tumor marker or as the antigenic target of a therapeutic cancer vaccine.<ref name="pmid15217923"/><ref name="pmid17945478" /> A 2016 review indicates that some immunotherapeutic strategies have shown encouraging results in early-phase clinical trials. <ref name = "Morello_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Morello A, Sadelain M, Adusumilli PS | title = Mesothelin-Targeted CARs: Driving T Cells to Solid Tumors | journal = Cancer Discovery | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 133–46 | year = 2016 | pmid = 26503962 | pmc = 4744527 | doi = 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-15-0583 }}</ref>
Elevations of serum mesothelin specific to ovarian and other cancer patients may be measured using [[ELISA]] assays.<ref name=Scholler>{{cite journal |vauthors=Scholler N, Fu N, Yang Y, Ye Z, Goodman GE, Hellström KE, Hellström I | title = Soluble member(s) of the mesothelin/megakaryocyte potentiating factor family are detectable in sera from patients with ovarian carcinoma | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 96 | issue = 20 | pages = 11531–6 |date=September 1999 | pmid = 10500211 | pmc = 18068 | doi =10.1073/pnas.96.20.11531 | bibcode = 1999PNAS...9611531S }}</ref>  Assays for blood-bourne mesothelin and MPF for tumor diagnosis, especially applied to asbestos-related mesothelioma have been developed.<ref name=Maeda>{{cite journal |vauthors=Maeda M, Hino O | title = Blood tests for asbestos-related mesothelioma | journal = Oncology | volume = 71 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 26–31 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17344668 | doi = 10.1159/000100446 }}</ref>  Elevated serum mesothelin was found in most patients with mesothelioma (71%) and ovarian cancer (67%).<ref name=Hassan>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hassan R, Remaley AT, Sampson ML, Zhang J, Cox DD, Pingpank J, Alexander R, Willingham M, Pastan I, Onda M | title = Detection and quantitation of serum mesothelin, a tumor marker for patients with mesothelioma and ovarian cancer | journal = Clin. Cancer Res. | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 447–53 |date=January 2006 | pmid = 16428485 | doi = 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1477 }}</ref>  Blood MPF and mesothelin levels were correlated, with modest  accuracy for malignant pleural mesothelioma and lung cancer (sensitivity 74% and 59%, specificity 90% and 86%, respectively for MPF and mesothelin assays).<ref name=Iwahori>{{cite journal |vauthors=Iwahori K, Osaki T, Serada S, Fujimoto M, Suzuki H, Kishi Y, Yokoyama A, Hamada H, Fujii Y, Yamaguchi K, Hirashima T, Matsui K, Tachibana I, Nakamura Y, Kawase I, Naka T | title = Megakaryocyte potentiating factor as a tumor marker of malignant pleural mesothelioma: evaluation in comparison with mesothelin | journal = Lung Cancer | volume = 62 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–54 |date=October 2008 | pmid = 18394747 | doi = 10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.02.012 }}</ref>  Circulating mesothelin is reported in nearly all pancreatic cancers,<ref name=Johnston>{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnston FM, Tan MC, Tan BR, Porembka MR, Brunt EM, Linehan DC, Simon PO, Plambeck-Suess S, Eberlein TJ, Hellstrom KE, Hellstrom I, Hawkins WG, Goedegebuure P | title = Circulating mesothelin protein and cellular antimesothelin immunity in patients with pancreatic cancer | journal = Clin. Cancer Res. | volume = 15 | issue = 21 | pages = 6511–8 |date=November 2009 | pmid = 19843662 | pmc = 2782601 | doi = 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0565 }}</ref>  however the levels in healthy persons often exceed  80&nbsp;ng/mL (using 40 kD molecular weight as the conversion factor) and to widely overlap the values in the pancreatic cancer patients.<ref name=Pastan>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sharon E, Zhang J, Hollevoet K, Steinberg SM, Pastan I, Onda M, Gaedcke J, Ghadimi BM, Ried T, Hassan R | title = Serum mesothelin and megakaryocyte potentiating factor in pancreatic and biliary cancers | journal = Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. | volume = 50 | issue = 4 | pages = 721–5 |date=April 2012 | pmid = 22149739 | doi = 10.1515/CCLM.2011.816 }}</ref> It was noted that the cutoff levels for normal could differ as much as 10-fold among publications, depending on the assay used (compare Sharon et al.<ref name=Pastan /> and Iwahori et al.<ref name=Iwahori /> with Hassan et al.<ref name=Hassan />) and thus that normal levels must be determined anew when new assays are introduced.
Elevations of serum mesothelin specific to ovarian and other cancer patients may be measured using [[ELISA]] assays.<ref name=Scholler>{{cite journal | vauthors = Scholler N, Fu N, Yang Y, Ye Z, Goodman GE, Hellström KE, Hellström I | title = Soluble member(s) of the mesothelin/megakaryocyte potentiating factor family are detectable in sera from patients with ovarian carcinoma | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 96 | issue = 20 | pages = 11531–6 | date = September 1999 | pmid = 10500211 | pmc = 18068 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.96.20.11531 | bibcode = 1999PNAS...9611531S }}</ref>   Soluble mesothelin is the extracellular domain of membrane-bound mesothelin shed from tumor cells as demonstrated by mass spectrometry analysis of soluble mesothelin purified from cell culture supernatant.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ho M, Onda M, Wang QC, Hassan R, Pastan I, Lively MO | title = Mesothelin is shed from tumor cells | journal = Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention | volume = 15 | issue = 9 | pages = 1751 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16985043 | doi = 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0479 }}</ref> Assays for blood-borne mesothelin and MPF for tumor diagnosis, especially applied to asbestos-related mesothelioma have been developed.<ref name=Maeda>{{cite journal | vauthors = Maeda M, Hino O | title = Blood tests for asbestos-related mesothelioma | journal = Oncology | volume = 71 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 26–31 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17344668 | doi = 10.1159/000100446 }}</ref>  Elevated serum mesothelin was found in most patients with mesothelioma (71%) and ovarian cancer (67%).<ref name=Hassan>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hassan R, Remaley AT, Sampson ML, Zhang J, Cox DD, Pingpank J, Alexander R, Willingham M, Pastan I, Onda M | title = Detection and quantitation of serum mesothelin, a tumor marker for patients with mesothelioma and ovarian cancer | journal = Clinical Cancer Research | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 447–53 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16428485 | doi = 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1477 }}</ref>  Blood MPF and mesothelin levels were correlated, with modest  accuracy for malignant pleural mesothelioma and lung cancer (sensitivity 74% and 59%, specificity 90% and 86%, respectively for MPF and mesothelin assays).<ref name=Iwahori>{{cite journal | vauthors = Iwahori K, Osaki T, Serada S, Fujimoto M, Suzuki H, Kishi Y, Yokoyama A, Hamada H, Fujii Y, Yamaguchi K, Hirashima T, Matsui K, Tachibana I, Nakamura Y, Kawase I, Naka T | title = Megakaryocyte potentiating factor as a tumor marker of malignant pleural mesothelioma: evaluation in comparison with mesothelin | journal = Lung Cancer | volume = 62 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–54 | date = October 2008 | pmid = 18394747 | doi = 10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.02.012 }}</ref>  Circulating mesothelin is reported in nearly all pancreatic cancers,<ref name=Johnston>{{cite journal | vauthors = Johnston FM, Tan MC, Tan BR, Porembka MR, Brunt EM, Linehan DC, Simon PO, Plambeck-Suess S, Eberlein TJ, Hellstrom KE, Hellstrom I, Hawkins WG, Goedegebuure P | title = Circulating mesothelin protein and cellular antimesothelin immunity in patients with pancreatic cancer | journal = Clinical Cancer Research | volume = 15 | issue = 21 | pages = 6511–8 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19843662 | pmc = 2782601 | doi = 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0565 }}</ref>  however the levels in healthy persons often exceed  80&nbsp;ng/mL (using 40 kD molecular weight as the conversion factor) and to widely overlap the values in the pancreatic cancer patients.<ref name=Pastan>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sharon E, Zhang J, Hollevoet K, Steinberg SM, Pastan I, Onda M, Gaedcke J, Ghadimi BM, Ried T, Hassan R | title = Serum mesothelin and megakaryocyte potentiating factor in pancreatic and biliary cancers | journal = Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine | volume = 50 | issue = 4 | pages = 721–5 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22149739 | doi = 10.1515/CCLM.2011.816 }}</ref> It was noted that the cutoff levels for normal could differ as much as 10-fold among publications, depending on the assay used<ref name=Pastan /><ref name=Iwahori /><ref name=Hassan /> and thus that normal levels must be determined anew when new assays are introduced. Therapeutic antibodies to mesothelin have been developed by phage display<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ho M, Feng M, Fisher RJ, Rader C, Pastan I | title = A novel high-affinity human monoclonal antibody to mesothelin | journal = International Journal of Cancer | volume = 128 | issue = 9 | pages = 2020–30 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 20635390 | pmc = 2978266 | doi = 10.1002/ijc.25557 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tang Z, Feng M, Gao W, Phung Y, Chen W, Chaudhary A, St Croix B, Qian M, Dimitrov DS, Ho M | title = A human single-domain antibody elicits potent antitumor activity by targeting an epitope in mesothelin close to the cancer cell surface | journal = Molecular Cancer Therapeutics | volume = 12 | issue = 4 | pages = 416–26 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23371858 | pmc = 3624043 | doi = 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-12-0731 }}</ref>and humanization of rabbit monoclonal antibodies<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang YF, Phung Y, Gao W, Kawa S, Hassan R, Pastan I, Ho M | title = New high affinity monoclonal antibodies recognize non-overlapping epitopes on mesothelin for monitoring and treating mesothelioma | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 5 | pages = 9928 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25996440 | pmc = 4440525 | doi = 10.1038/srep09928 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhang YF, Ho M | title = Humanization of rabbit monoclonal antibodies via grafting combined Kabat/IMGT/Paratome complementarity-determining regions: Rationale and examples | journal = mAbs | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 419–429 | date = April 2017 | pmid = 28165915 | pmc = 5384799 | doi = 10.1080/19420862.2017.1289302 }}</ref>.
{{clear}}


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|33em}}
{{Reflist|32em}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==

Revision as of 03:41, 20 October 2018

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Mesothelin, also known as MSLN, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSLN gene.[1][2]

Function

Mesothelin is a 40 kDa protein that is expressed in mesothelial cells.[3] The protein was first identified by its reactivity with monoclonal antibody K1.[4] Subsequent cloning studies showed that the mesothelin gene encodes a precursor protein that is processed to yield mesothelin which is attached to the cell membrane by a glycophosphatidylinositol linkage and a 31-kDa shed fragment named megakaryocyte-potentiating factor (MPF). Although it has been proposed that mesothelin may be involved in cell adhesion, its biological function is not known.[5] A knockout mouse line that lacks mesothelin reproduces and develops normally.[6]

Mesothelin is over expressed in several human tumors, including mesothelioma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma[3] and cholangiocarcinoma.[7][8] The interaction between mesothelin and MUC16 (also known as CA125) may facilitate the implantation and peritoneal spread of tumors by cell adhesion. Dr. Mitchell Ho and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute identified the region (residues 296-359) consisting of 64 amino acids at the N-terminus of cell surface mesothelin as the functional binding domain for MUC16.[9]

Medical applications

Mesothelin is a tumour differentiation antigen that is normally present on the mesothelial cells lining the pleura, peritoneum and pericardium.[10] Since mesothelin is overexpressed in several cancers and is immunogenic, the protein could be exploited as tumor marker or as the antigenic target of a therapeutic cancer vaccine.[5][10] A 2016 review indicates that some immunotherapeutic strategies have shown encouraging results in early-phase clinical trials. [11] Elevations of serum mesothelin specific to ovarian and other cancer patients may be measured using ELISA assays.[12] Soluble mesothelin is the extracellular domain of membrane-bound mesothelin shed from tumor cells as demonstrated by mass spectrometry analysis of soluble mesothelin purified from cell culture supernatant.[13] Assays for blood-borne mesothelin and MPF for tumor diagnosis, especially applied to asbestos-related mesothelioma have been developed.[14] Elevated serum mesothelin was found in most patients with mesothelioma (71%) and ovarian cancer (67%).[15] Blood MPF and mesothelin levels were correlated, with modest accuracy for malignant pleural mesothelioma and lung cancer (sensitivity 74% and 59%, specificity 90% and 86%, respectively for MPF and mesothelin assays).[16] Circulating mesothelin is reported in nearly all pancreatic cancers,[17] however the levels in healthy persons often exceed 80 ng/mL (using 40 kD molecular weight as the conversion factor) and to widely overlap the values in the pancreatic cancer patients.[18] It was noted that the cutoff levels for normal could differ as much as 10-fold among publications, depending on the assay used[18][16][15] and thus that normal levels must be determined anew when new assays are introduced. Therapeutic antibodies to mesothelin have been developed by phage display[19] [20]and humanization of rabbit monoclonal antibodies[21][22].

References

  1. ↑ Kojima T, Oh-eda M, Hattori K, Taniguchi Y, Tamura M, Ochi N, Yamaguchi N (September 1995). "Molecular cloning and expression of megakaryocyte potentiating factor cDNA". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (37): 21984–90. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.37.21984. PMID 7665620.
  2. ↑ Chang K, Pastan I (January 1996). "Molecular cloning of mesothelin, a differentiation antigen present on mesothelium, mesotheliomas, and ovarian cancers". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (1): 136–40. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93..136C. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.1.136. PMC 40193. PMID 8552591.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hassan R, Ho M (January 2008). "Mesothelin targeted cancer immunotherapy". European Journal of Cancer. 44 (1): 46–53. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2007.08.028. PMC 2265108. PMID 17945478.
  4. ↑ Chang K, Pai LH, Batra JK, Pastan I, Willingham MC (January 1992). "Characterization of the antigen (CAK1) recognized by monoclonal antibody K1 present on ovarian cancers and normal mesothelium". Cancer Research. 52 (1): 181–6. PMID 1727378.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Hassan R, Bera T, Pastan I (June 2004). "Mesothelin: a new target for immunotherapy". Clinical Cancer Research. 10 (12 Pt 1): 3937–42. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-03-0801. PMID 15217923.
  6. ↑ Bera TK, Pastan I (2000). "Mesothelin is not required for normal mouse development or reproduction". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 20 (8): 2902–6. doi:10.1128/MCB.20.8.2902-2906.2000. PMC 85523. PMID 10733593.
  7. ↑ Yu L, Feng M, Kim H, Phung Y, Kleiner DE, Gores GJ, Qian M, Wang XW, Ho M (October 2010). "Mesothelin as a potential therapeutic target in human cholangiocarcinoma". Journal of Cancer. 1: 141–9. PMC 2948219. PMID 20922056.
  8. ↑ Ho M (October 2011). "Advances in liver cancer antibody therapies: a focus on glypican-3 and mesothelin". BioDrugs. 25 (5): 275–84. doi:10.2165/11595360-000000000-00000. PMC 3198870. PMID 21942912.
  9. ↑ Kaneko O, Gong L, Zhang J, Hansen JK, Hassan R, Lee B, Ho M (February 2009). "A binding domain on mesothelin for CA125/MUC16". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (6): 3739–49. doi:10.1074/jbc.M806776200. PMC 2635045. PMID 19075018.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Hassan R, Ho M (January 2008). "Mesothelin targeted cancer immunotherapy". Eur. J. Cancer. 44 (1): 46–53. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2007.08.028. PMC 2265108. PMID 17945478.
  11. ↑ Morello A, Sadelain M, Adusumilli PS (2016). "Mesothelin-Targeted CARs: Driving T Cells to Solid Tumors". Cancer Discovery. 6 (2): 133–46. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-15-0583. PMC 4744527. PMID 26503962.
  12. ↑ Scholler N, Fu N, Yang Y, Ye Z, Goodman GE, Hellström KE, Hellström I (September 1999). "Soluble member(s) of the mesothelin/megakaryocyte potentiating factor family are detectable in sera from patients with ovarian carcinoma". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (20): 11531–6. Bibcode:1999PNAS...9611531S. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.20.11531. PMC 18068. PMID 10500211.
  13. ↑ Ho M, Onda M, Wang QC, Hassan R, Pastan I, Lively MO (September 2006). "Mesothelin is shed from tumor cells". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 15 (9): 1751. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0479. PMID 16985043.
  14. ↑ Maeda M, Hino O (2006). "Blood tests for asbestos-related mesothelioma". Oncology. 71 (1–2): 26–31. doi:10.1159/000100446. PMID 17344668.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Hassan R, Remaley AT, Sampson ML, Zhang J, Cox DD, Pingpank J, Alexander R, Willingham M, Pastan I, Onda M (January 2006). "Detection and quantitation of serum mesothelin, a tumor marker for patients with mesothelioma and ovarian cancer". Clinical Cancer Research. 12 (2): 447–53. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1477. PMID 16428485.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Iwahori K, Osaki T, Serada S, Fujimoto M, Suzuki H, Kishi Y, Yokoyama A, Hamada H, Fujii Y, Yamaguchi K, Hirashima T, Matsui K, Tachibana I, Nakamura Y, Kawase I, Naka T (October 2008). "Megakaryocyte potentiating factor as a tumor marker of malignant pleural mesothelioma: evaluation in comparison with mesothelin". Lung Cancer. 62 (1): 45–54. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.02.012. PMID 18394747.
  17. ↑ Johnston FM, Tan MC, Tan BR, Porembka MR, Brunt EM, Linehan DC, Simon PO, Plambeck-Suess S, Eberlein TJ, Hellstrom KE, Hellstrom I, Hawkins WG, Goedegebuure P (November 2009). "Circulating mesothelin protein and cellular antimesothelin immunity in patients with pancreatic cancer". Clinical Cancer Research. 15 (21): 6511–8. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0565. PMC 2782601. PMID 19843662.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Sharon E, Zhang J, Hollevoet K, Steinberg SM, Pastan I, Onda M, Gaedcke J, Ghadimi BM, Ried T, Hassan R (April 2012). "Serum mesothelin and megakaryocyte potentiating factor in pancreatic and biliary cancers". Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 50 (4): 721–5. doi:10.1515/CCLM.2011.816. PMID 22149739.
  19. ↑ Ho M, Feng M, Fisher RJ, Rader C, Pastan I (May 2011). "A novel high-affinity human monoclonal antibody to mesothelin". International Journal of Cancer. 128 (9): 2020–30. doi:10.1002/ijc.25557. PMC 2978266. PMID 20635390.
  20. ↑ Tang Z, Feng M, Gao W, Phung Y, Chen W, Chaudhary A, St Croix B, Qian M, Dimitrov DS, Ho M (April 2013). "A human single-domain antibody elicits potent antitumor activity by targeting an epitope in mesothelin close to the cancer cell surface". Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 12 (4): 416–26. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-12-0731. PMC 3624043. PMID 23371858.
  21. ↑ Zhang YF, Phung Y, Gao W, Kawa S, Hassan R, Pastan I, Ho M (May 2015). "New high affinity monoclonal antibodies recognize non-overlapping epitopes on mesothelin for monitoring and treating mesothelioma". Scientific Reports. 5: 9928. doi:10.1038/srep09928. PMC 4440525. PMID 25996440.
  22. ↑ Zhang YF, Ho M (April 2017). "Humanization of rabbit monoclonal antibodies via grafting combined Kabat/IMGT/Paratome complementarity-determining regions: Rationale and examples". mAbs. 9 (3): 419–429. doi:10.1080/19420862.2017.1289302. PMC 5384799. PMID 28165915.

Further reading

External links

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