Listeriosis natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Following transmission, the majority of healthy patients do not develop clinical manifestations or may develop a mild, transient bacteremia. Early clinical manifestations (usually fever) typically develop early within 24 hours of transmission. If left untreated, patients typically progress within 1-90 days to develop ''Listeria''-associated complications, including [[bacteremia]], [[abscess]] formation, [[pneumonia]], [[ARDS]], [[acute kidney injury]], and [[CNS impairment]]. Among healthy children and young adults, the prognosis of listeriosis is generally good. Prognosis is poorer among high-risk populations, who are more likely to develop complications and death even with prompt management.
Following transmission, the majority of healthy patients do not develop clinical manifestations or may develop a mild, transient [[bacteremia]]. Early clinical manifestations (usually [[fever]]) typically develop early within 24 hours of transmission. If left untreated, patients typically progress within 1-90 days to develop ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]''-associated complications, including [[bacteremia]], [[abscess]] formation, [[pneumonia]], [[ARDS]], [[acute kidney injury]], and [[CNS]] impairment. Among healthy children and young adults, the prognosis of listeriosis is generally good. Prognosis is poorer among high-risk populations, who are more likely to develop complications and death even with prompt management.


==Natural History==
==Natural History==
*Following transmission, the majority of healthy patients do not develop clinical manifestations or may develop a mild, transient bacteremia.<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages =  }}</ref>
*Following transmission, the majority of healthy patients do not develop clinical manifestations or may develop a mild, transient [[bacteremia]].<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages =  }}</ref>
*The median [[incubation period]] for listeriosis-associated [[gastroenteritis]] is approximately 24 hours (range from 6 hours to 10 days).
*The median [[incubation period]] for listeriosis-associated [[gastroenteritis]] is approximately 24 hours (range from 6 hours to 10 days).
*Systemic manifestations of listeriosis may be slow-occurring, and the duration from transmission to development of systemic manifestations widely varies between 1 day to 90 days following transmission.<ref name="pmid15825036">{{cite journal| author=Ooi ST, Lorber B| title=Gastroenteritis due to Listeria monocytogenes. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2005 | volume= 40 | issue= 9 | pages= 1327-32 | pmid=15825036 | doi=10.1086/429324 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15825036  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8988887">{{cite journal| author=Dalton CB, Austin CC, Sobel J, Hayes PS, Bibb WF, Graves LM et al.| title=An outbreak of gastroenteritis and fever due to Listeria monocytogenes in milk. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1997 | volume= 336 | issue= 2 | pages= 100-5 | pmid=8988887 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199701093360204 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8988887  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3137471">{{cite journal| author=Linnan MJ, Mascola L, Lou XD, Goulet V, May S, Salminen C et al.| title=Epidemic listeriosis associated with Mexican-style cheese. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1988 | volume= 319 | issue= 13 | pages= 823-8 | pmid=3137471 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198809293191303 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3137471  }} </ref>
*Systemic manifestations of listeriosis may be slow-occurring, and the duration from transmission to development of systemic manifestations widely varies between 1 day to 90 days following transmission.<ref name="pmid15825036">{{cite journal| author=Ooi ST, Lorber B| title=Gastroenteritis due to Listeria monocytogenes. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2005 | volume= 40 | issue= 9 | pages= 1327-32 | pmid=15825036 | doi=10.1086/429324 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15825036  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8988887">{{cite journal| author=Dalton CB, Austin CC, Sobel J, Hayes PS, Bibb WF, Graves LM et al.| title=An outbreak of gastroenteritis and fever due to Listeria monocytogenes in milk. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1997 | volume= 336 | issue= 2 | pages= 100-5 | pmid=8988887 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199701093360204 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8988887  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3137471">{{cite journal| author=Linnan MJ, Mascola L, Lou XD, Goulet V, May S, Salminen C et al.| title=Epidemic listeriosis associated with Mexican-style cheese. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1988 | volume= 319 | issue= 13 | pages= 823-8 | pmid=3137471 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198809293191303 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3137471  }} </ref>


===Febrile Gastroenteritis===
===Febrile Gastroenteritis===
*''Listeria''-associated gastroenterities typically occurs 24 hours following [[ingestion]] of contaminated food
*''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]''-associated [[gastroenteritis]] typically occurs 24 hours following [[ingestion]] of contaminated food.
*Patients typically manifest with [[fever]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], and [[watery diarrhea]].
*Patients typically manifest with [[fever]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], and [[watery diarrhea]].
*''Listeria''-associated gastroenteritis is usually self-limited and lasts for a mean of 2 days among healthy individuals.
*''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]''-associated [[gastroenteritis]] is usually self-limited and lasts for a mean of 2 days among healthy individuals.
*In high-risk patients, systemic manifestations of ''Listeria'' may occur, and patients are at higher risk of developing ''Listeria''-associated complications.<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages = }}</ref>
*In high-risk patients, systemic manifestations of ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]'' may occur, and patients are at higher risk of developing ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]''-associated complications.<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages = }}</ref>


===Infection in Pregnancy===
===Infection in Pregnancy===
*Among pregnant women, listeriosis typically manifests during the third trimester of [[gestation]].<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages =  }}</ref>  
*Among [[pregnant]] women, listeriosis typically manifests during the third trimester of [[gestation]].<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages =  }}</ref>  
*Pregnant women typically first present with mild [[flu]]-like [[symptoms]], such as [[fever]] and [[chills]], that are difficult to diagnose.
*Pregnant women typically first present with mild [[flu]]-like [[symptoms]], such as [[fever]] and [[chills]], that are difficult to diagnose.
*As the disease progresses, pregnant women typically develop ''Listeria''-associated bacteremia (typically without CNS involvement)
*As the disease progresses, [[pregnant]] women typically develop ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]''-associated [[bacteremia]] (typically without [[CNS]] involvement)
*If left untreated, [[listeriosis]] among [[pregnant]] women typically results in fetal sequelae, including [[fetal death]], [[premature birth]], or [[neonatal sepsis]].<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages =  }}</ref>
*If left untreated, [[listeriosis]] among [[pregnant]] women typically results in [[fetal]] sequelae, including [[fetal death]], [[premature birth]], or [[neonatal sepsis]].<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages =  }}</ref>


===Neonates===
===Neonates===
*Neonates may be infected either in-utero infection, which manifests with neonatal sepsis or during delivery, which manifests with neonatal meningitis.
*[[Neonates]] may be infected either in-utero [[infection]], which manifests with [[neonatal sepsis]] or during [[delivery]], which manifests with [[neonatal]] [[meningitis]].
*Both infections are usually rapid-occurring, and infected neonates appear sick-looking with greyish-bluish discoloration at birth.
*Both [[infections]] are usually rapid-occurring, and [[infected]] [[neonates]] appear sick-looking with greyish-bluish discoloration at birth.
*If left untreated, neonates may develop [[granulomatosis infantiseptica]], a severe in-utero infection, and death.<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages =  }}</ref>
*If left untreated, [[neonates]] may develop [[granulomatosis]] infantiseptica, a severe in-utero [[infection]], and death.<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages =  }}</ref>


===CNS Infection===
===CNS Infection===
*''L. monocytogenes'' has tropism for the [[brain stem]] and [[meninges]].
*''[[Listeria monocytogenes|L. monocytogenes]]'' has [[tropism]] for the [[brain stem]] and [[meninges]].
*Patients with ''Listeria''-associated CNS infection typically develop fever followed by altered mental status, seizures, cranial nerve palsy, hemiplegia, and ataxia.<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. |title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages =  }}</ref>
*Patients with ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]''-associated [[CNS]] [[infection]] typically develop [[fever]] followed by [[altered mental status]], [[seizures]], [[cranial nerve palsy]], [[hemiplegia]], and [[ataxia]].<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. |title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages =  }}</ref>
*Patients may either develop rhombencephalitis, cerebritis, spinal cord infection, meningitis alone, encephalitis alone, or both (meningoencephalitis).
*Patients may either develop rhombencephalitis, [[cerebritis]], [[spinal cord]] [[infection]], [[meningitis]] alone, [[encephalitis]] alone, or both ([[meningoencephalitis]]).
*Patients with ''Listeria''-associated rhombencephalitis typically experience a bi-phasic course. First, patients develop worsening headache, fever, vomiting for a 3-5 days, followed by an abrupt-onset of neurological impairment (cranial nerve palsy, ataxia, altered mental status, seizures).<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. |title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages =  }}</ref>
*Patients with ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]''-associated rhombencephalitis typically experience a bi-phasic course. First, patients develop worsening [[headache]], [[fever]], [[vomiting]] for a 3-5 days, followed by an abrupt-onset of [[Neurological disorders|neurological impairment]] ([[cranial nerve palsy]], [[ataxia]], [[altered mental status]], [[seizures]]).<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. |title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages =  }}</ref>
*If left untreated, brain abscesses may develop. The location of the brain abscesses is typically in the [[thalamus]], [[pons]], and/or [[medulla]].
*If left untreated, [[brain abscesses]] may develop. The location of the [[brain abscesses]] is typically in the [[thalamus]], [[pons]], and/or [[medulla]].
*The majority of patients with advanced CNS disease develop long-term sequelae.
*The majority of patients with advanced [[CNS disease]] develop long-term sequelae.


===Endocarditis===
===Endocarditis===
Listerial [[endocarditis]] may affect either [[native valve endocarditis|native]] or [[prosthetic valve]]s.
Listerial [[endocarditis]] may affect either [[native valve endocarditis|native]] or [[prosthetic valve]]s.
*If left untreated, the majority of patients with ''Listeria''-associated endocarditis progress to develop bacteremia.<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. |title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages =  }}</ref>
*If left untreated, the majority of patients with ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]''-associated [[endocarditis]] progress to develop [[bacteremia]].<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. |title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages =  }}</ref>


==Complications==
==Complications==
*Compared with the general population, high-risk patients are more likely to develop invasive disease and ''Listeria''-associated complications.<ref name="Lorber-1997">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Lorber | first1 = B. | title = Listeriosis. | journal = Clin Infect Dis | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 1-9; quiz 10-1 | month = Jan | year = 1997 | doi =  | PMID = 8994747 }}</ref>
*Compared with the general population, high-risk patients are more likely to develop invasive [[disease]] and ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]''-associated complications.<ref name="Lorber-1997">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Lorber | first1 = B. | title = Listeriosis. | journal = Clin Infect Dis | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 1-9; quiz 10-1 | month = Jan | year = 1997 | doi =  | PMID = 8994747 }}</ref>
*Complications of invasive disease include the following:<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages =  }}</ref><ref name=WHO>{{cite web | title = Listeriosis | url = http://www.who.int/ith/diseases/listeriosis/en/ }}</ref>
*Complications of invasive disease include the following:<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages =  }}</ref><ref name=WHO>{{cite web | title = Listeriosis | url = http://www.who.int/ith/diseases/listeriosis/en/ }}</ref>
* [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
* [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
Line 52: Line 52:
* [[Corneal ulcer]]<ref name=Holland_1987>Holland, S., E. Alfonso, H. Gelender, D. Heidemann, A. Mendelsohn, S. Ullman, and D. Miller. 1987. Corneal ulcer due to Listeria monocytogenes. Cornea 6:144-146.</ref>
* [[Corneal ulcer]]<ref name=Holland_1987>Holland, S., E. Alfonso, H. Gelender, D. Heidemann, A. Mendelsohn, S. Ullman, and D. Miller. 1987. Corneal ulcer due to Listeria monocytogenes. Cornea 6:144-146.</ref>
* [[Pneumonia]]<ref name=whitelock_1989>Whitelock-Jones, L., J. Carswell, and K. C. Rassmussen. 1989. Listeria pneumonia. A case report. South African Medical Journal 75:188-189.</ref>
* [[Pneumonia]]<ref name=whitelock_1989>Whitelock-Jones, L., J. Carswell, and K. C. Rassmussen. 1989. Listeria pneumonia. A case report. South African Medical Journal 75:188-189.</ref>
* [[uterus|Intrauterine]] or [[cervix|cervical]] infection in pregnant women, may result in:<ref name="pmid25241232">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maertens de Noordhout C, Devleesschauwer B, Angulo FJ, Verbeke G, Haagsma J, Kirk M, Havelaar A, Speybroeck N |title=The global burden of listeriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=14 |issue=11 |pages=1073–82 |year=2014 |pmid=25241232 |pmc=4369580 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70870-9 |url=}}</ref>
* [[uterus|Intrauterine]] or [[cervix|cervical]] [[infection]] in pregnant women, may result in:<ref name="pmid25241232">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maertens de Noordhout C, Devleesschauwer B, Angulo FJ, Verbeke G, Haagsma J, Kirk M, Havelaar A, Speybroeck N |title=The global burden of listeriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=14 |issue=11 |pages=1073–82 |year=2014 |pmid=25241232 |pmc=4369580 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70870-9 |url=}}</ref>
:* [[miscarriage|Spontaneous abortion]] (2nd/3rd trimester)
:* [[miscarriage|Spontaneous abortion]] (2nd/3rd trimester)
:* [[Stillbirth]]
:* [[Stillbirth]]
Line 60: Line 60:
==Prognosis==
==Prognosis==
The [[prognosis]] of [[listeriosis]] depends on the health status of the host:<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title = Listeria | url = http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/definition.html }}</ref>
The [[prognosis]] of [[listeriosis]] depends on the health status of the host:<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title = Listeria | url = http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/definition.html }}</ref>
* Healthy children and young adults have a good prognosis and are at low-risk of developing ''Listeria''-associated complications and long-term sequelae.
* Healthy children and young adults have a good prognosis and are at low-risk of developing ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]''-associated complications and long-term sequelae.
* High-risk populations, including pregnant women, neonates, elderly, and immunosuppressed individuals, have a poorer prognosis with a high death rate (even when treatment is administered promptly).
* High-risk populations, including [[pregnant]] women, [[neonates]], elderly, and [[immunosuppressed]] individuals, have a poorer prognosis with a high death rate (even when treatment is administered promptly).


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 15:56, 5 April 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]

Overview

Following transmission, the majority of healthy patients do not develop clinical manifestations or may develop a mild, transient bacteremia. Early clinical manifestations (usually fever) typically develop early within 24 hours of transmission. If left untreated, patients typically progress within 1-90 days to develop Listeria-associated complications, including bacteremia, abscess formation, pneumonia, ARDS, acute kidney injury, and CNS impairment. Among healthy children and young adults, the prognosis of listeriosis is generally good. Prognosis is poorer among high-risk populations, who are more likely to develop complications and death even with prompt management.

Natural History

  • Following transmission, the majority of healthy patients do not develop clinical manifestations or may develop a mild, transient bacteremia.[1]
  • The median incubation period for listeriosis-associated gastroenteritis is approximately 24 hours (range from 6 hours to 10 days).
  • Systemic manifestations of listeriosis may be slow-occurring, and the duration from transmission to development of systemic manifestations widely varies between 1 day to 90 days following transmission.[2][3][4]

Febrile Gastroenteritis

Infection in Pregnancy

Neonates

CNS Infection

Endocarditis

Listerial endocarditis may affect either native or prosthetic valves.

Complications

Prognosis

The prognosis of listeriosis depends on the health status of the host:[12]

  • Healthy children and young adults have a good prognosis and are at low-risk of developing Listeria-associated complications and long-term sequelae.
  • High-risk populations, including pregnant women, neonates, elderly, and immunosuppressed individuals, have a poorer prognosis with a high death rate (even when treatment is administered promptly).

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Mandell, Gerald L.; Bennett, John E. (John Eugene); Dolin, Raphael. (2010). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 0-443-06839-9.
  2. ↑ Ooi ST, Lorber B (2005). "Gastroenteritis due to Listeria monocytogenes". Clin Infect Dis. 40 (9): 1327–32. doi:10.1086/429324. PMID 15825036.
  3. ↑ Dalton CB, Austin CC, Sobel J, Hayes PS, Bibb WF, Graves LM; et al. (1997). "An outbreak of gastroenteritis and fever due to Listeria monocytogenes in milk". N Engl J Med. 336 (2): 100–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM199701093360204. PMID 8988887.
  4. ↑ Linnan MJ, Mascola L, Lou XD, Goulet V, May S, Salminen C; et al. (1988). "Epidemic listeriosis associated with Mexican-style cheese". N Engl J Med. 319 (13): 823–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM198809293191303. PMID 3137471.
  5. ↑ Lorber, B. (1997). "Listeriosis". Clin Infect Dis. 24 (1): 1–9, quiz 10-1. PMID 8994747. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ "Listeriosis".
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Gray, M. L., and A. H. Killinger. 1966. Listeria monocytogenes and listeric infection. Bacteriol. Rev. 30:309-382.
  8. ↑ Armstrong, R. W., and P. C. Fung. 1993. Brainstem encephalitis (Rhombencephalitis) due to Listeria monocytogenes: case report and review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 16:689-702.
  9. ↑ Holland, S., E. Alfonso, H. Gelender, D. Heidemann, A. Mendelsohn, S. Ullman, and D. Miller. 1987. Corneal ulcer due to Listeria monocytogenes. Cornea 6:144-146.
  10. ↑ Whitelock-Jones, L., J. Carswell, and K. C. Rassmussen. 1989. Listeria pneumonia. A case report. South African Medical Journal 75:188-189.
  11. ↑ Maertens de Noordhout C, Devleesschauwer B, Angulo FJ, Verbeke G, Haagsma J, Kirk M, Havelaar A, Speybroeck N (2014). "The global burden of listeriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Lancet Infect Dis. 14 (11): 1073–82. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70870-9. PMC 4369580. PMID 25241232.
  12. ↑ "Listeria".


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