Left ventricular hypertrophy causes: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Disease processes that can cause LVH include any disease that increases the [[afterload]] in which the heart has to contract against e.g. [[hypertension]].  Some primary diseases of the heart muscle can also give rise to left ventricular hypertrophy known as [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|hypertrophic cardiomyopathies]].
Disease processes that can cause LVH include any disease that increases the [[afterload]] in which the heart has to contract against (for example [[hypertension]]).  Some primary diseases of the heart muscle can also give rise to left ventricular hypertrophy known as [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|hypertrophic cardiomyopathies]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
*[[Acute myocardial infarction]]<ref name="pmid3920520">{{cite journal| author=Brush JE, Brand DA, Acampora D, Chalmer B, Wackers FJ| title=Use of the initial electrocardiogram to predict in-hospital complications of acute myocardial infarction. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1985 | volume= 312 | issue= 18 | pages= 1137-41 | pmid=3920520 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198505023121801 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3920520  }} </ref><ref name="pmid2068623">{{cite journal| author=Fesmire FM, Percy RF, Wears RL| title=Diagnostic and prognostic importance of comparing the initial to the previous electrocardiogram in patients admitted for suspected acute myocardial infarction. | journal=South Med J | year= 1991 | volume= 84 | issue= 7 | pages= 841-6 | pmid=2068623 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2068623  }} </ref>


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
* [[Aortic stenosis]]
* [[Aortic stenosis]]
* [[Aortic insufficiency]]
* [[Aortic insufficiency]]
* [[Hypertension]]
* [[Hypertension]]<ref name="pmid2067187">{{cite journal| author=Lazutin VK, Nychkina TN, Litvintsev VP, Iakovlev SV, Boĭko SE| title=[Clinical significance of arrhythmia in patients with hypertension]. | journal=Kardiologiia | year= 1991 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 71-4 | pmid=2067187 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2067187  }} </ref>


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
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{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |[[Acute myocardial infarction]], [[alcoholic cardiomyopathy]], [[amyloidosis]], [[aortic insufficiency]], [[aortic stenosis]], [[athlete's heart]], [[autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]], [[coarctation of the aorta]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[Danon disease]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[Fabry's disease]], [[familial dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[hemochromatosis]], [[hypertension]], [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy]], [[idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[mitral regurgitation]], [[myocardial ischemia]], [[Noonan syndrome]], [[patent ductus arteriosus]], [[restrictive cardiomyopathy]], [[systemic hypertension]], [[tricuspid atresia]]
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Fabry's disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Anthracyclines]], [[thyroxine]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Acromegaly]], [[amyloidosis]], [[hemochromatosis]], [[Pompe's disease]], [[hyperparathyroidism]] (primary and secondary)
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Hemochromatosis]], [[Pompe's disease]], [[primary carnitine deficiency]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Danon disease]], [[Fabry's disease]], [[Friedreich's ataxia]], [[hemochromatosis]], [[MELAS]], [[Noonan syndrome]], [[Pompe's disease]], [[primary carnitine deficiency]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Hemochromatosis]], [[thalassemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hemochromatosis]],[[MELAS]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Fabry's disease]], [[Friedreich's ataxia]], [[MELAS]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Danon disease]], [[Fabry's disease]], [[MELAS]], [[obesity]], [[Pompe's disease]], [[primary carnitine deficiency]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pregnancy]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Fabry's disease]], [[hypertension]], [[systemic hypertension]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[anabolic steroid detailed information|Androgenic anabolic steroid abuse]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]], [[chronic renal failure]], [[end stage renal disease]], [[Fabry's disease]], [[hypertension]], [[systemic hypertension]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Amyloidosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Obesity]]
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
* [[Acromegaly]]
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
* [[Alcoholic cardiomyopathy]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
* [[Aortic coarctation]]
*[[Acromegaly]]
* [[Chronic Renal Failure]]
*[[Acute myocardial infarction]]
* [[Familial dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Alcoholic cardiomyopathy]]
* [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] ([[HCM]])
*[[Amyloidosis]]
* [[Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Anderson-Fabry disease]]<ref name="pmid23448451">{{cite journal| author=Tuttolomondo A, Pecoraro R, Simonetta I, Miceli S, Pinto A, Licata G| title=Anderson-Fabry disease: a multiorgan disease. | journal=Curr Pharm Des | year= 2013 | volume= 19 | issue= 33 | pages= 5974-96 | pmid=23448451 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23448451  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22767366">{{cite journal| author=Cauti FM, O'Mahony C, Pantazis A| title=Cardiac involvement in Anderson-Fabry disease. | journal=BMJ Case Rep | year= 2010 | volume= 2010 | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=22767366 | doi=10.1136/bcr.02.2010.2760 | pmc=PMC3029827 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22767366  }} </ref>
* [[Mitral regurgitation]]
*[[anabolic steroid detailed information|Androgenic anabolic steroid abuse]]<ref name="pmid20020375">{{cite journal| author=Vanberg P, Atar D| title=Androgenic anabolic steroid abuse and the cardiovascular system. | journal=Handb Exp Pharmacol | year= 2010 | volume=  | issue= 195 | pages= 411-57 | pmid=20020375 | doi=10.1007/978-3-540-79088-4_18 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20020375  }} </ref>
* [[Patent Ductus Arteriosus]]
*[[Anthracyclines]]<ref name="pmid15095572">{{cite journal| author=Mladosievicová B| title=[ACE inhibitors in the treatment of ventricular dysfunction caused by cardiotoxic cytostatics]. | journal=Ceska Slov Farm | year= 2004 | volume= 53 | issue= 2 | pages= 55-60 | pmid=15095572 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15095572  }} </ref>
* [[Restrictive cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Aortic insufficiency]]
* [[Thalassemia]]
*[[Aortic stenosis]]
*[[Athlete's heart]]<ref name="pmid21138810">{{cite journal| author=Pavlik G, Major Z, Varga-Pintér B, Jeserich M, Kneffel Z| title=The athlete's heart Part I (Review). | journal=Acta Physiol Hung | year= 2010 | volume= 97 | issue= 4 | pages= 337-53 | pmid=21138810 | doi=10.1556/APhysiol.97.2010.4.1 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21138810  }} </ref>
*[[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]]<ref name="pmid21189426">{{cite journal| author=Masoumi A, Elhassan E, Schrier RW| title=Interpretation of renal volume in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and relevant clinical implications. | journal=Iran J Kidney Dis | year= 2011 | volume= 5 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-8 | pmid=21189426 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21189426  }} </ref><ref name="pmid16669974">{{cite journal| author=Schrier RW| title=Optimal care of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients. | journal=Nephrology (Carlton) | year= 2006 | volume= 11 | issue= 2 | pages= 124-30 | pmid=16669974 | doi=10.1111/j.1440-1797.2006.00535.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16669974  }} </ref>
*[[Bardet-Biedl syndrome]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]<ref name="pmid7633909">{{cite journal| author=Gonsorcík J, Palko S, Mydlík M| title=[Cardiologic management in patients on a long-term dialysis program]. | journal=Bratisl Lek Listy | year= 1995 | volume= 96 | issue= 1 | pages= 47-50 | pmid=7633909 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7633909  }} </ref>
*[[Coarctation of the aorta]]
*[[Congenital heart disease]]
*[[Danon disease]]
*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]<ref name="pmid6240508">{{cite journal| author=Hayakawa M, Yokota Y, Kumaki T, Kaku K, Toh S, Takarada A et al.| title=Clinical significance of left ventricular hypertrophy in dilated cardiomyopathy: an echocardiographic follow-up of 50 patients. | journal=J Cardiogr | year= 1984 | volume= 14 | issue= 1 | pages= 115-23 | pmid=6240508 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6240508  }} </ref>
*[[End stage renal disease]] <ref name="pmid24166468">{{cite journal| author=Hammer F, Krane V, Störk S, Röser C, Hofmann K, Pollak N et al.| title=Rationale and design of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in End-Stage Renal Disease Study (MiREnDa). | journal=Nephrol Dial Transplant | year= 2014 | volume= 29 | issue= 2 | pages= 400-5 | pmid=24166468 | doi=10.1093/ndt/gft409 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24166468  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15834618">{{cite journal| author=Groothoff JW| title=Long-term outcomes of children with end-stage renal disease. | journal=Pediatr Nephrol | year= 2005 | volume= 20 | issue= 7 | pages= 849-53 | pmid=15834618 | doi=10.1007/s00467-005-1878-9 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15834618  }} </ref>
*[[Fabry's disease]]<ref name="pmid24640811">{{cite journal| author=Mahmud HM| title=Fabry's disease--a comprehensive review on pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. | journal=J Pak Med Assoc | year= 2014 | volume= 64 | issue= 2 | pages= 189-94 | pmid=24640811 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24640811  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19069157">{{cite journal| author=Uyama E| title=[Fabry disease in light of recent review]. | journal=Brain Nerve | year= 2008 | volume= 60 | issue= 11 | pages= 1235-44 | pmid=19069157 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19069157  }} </ref>
*[[Familial dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Friedreich's ataxia]]
*[[Hemochromatosis]]
*[[Hyperparathyroidism]] (primary & secondary)
*[[Hypertension]]<ref name="pmid15336807">{{cite journal| author=Passino C, Franzoni F, Gabutti A, Poletti R, Galetta F, Emdin M| title=Abnormal ventricular repolarization in hypertensive patients: role of sympatho-vagal imbalance and left ventricular hypertrophy. | journal=Int J Cardiol | year= 2004 | volume= 97 | issue= 1 | pages= 57-62 | pmid=15336807 | doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.07.029 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15336807  }} </ref>
*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] <ref name="pmid23500286">{{cite journal| author=Maron BJ, Spirito P, Ackerman MJ, Casey SA, Semsarian C, Estes NA et al.| title=Prevention of sudden cardiac death with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in children and adolescents with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2013 | volume= 61 | issue= 14 | pages= 1527-35 | pmid=23500286 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.037 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23500286  }} </ref>
*[[Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy]]
*[[MELAS]]
*[[Mitral regurgitation]]
*[[Myocardial ischemia]]<ref name="pmid3345014">{{cite journal| author=Zalenski RJ, Sloan EP, Chen EH, Hayden RF, Gold IW, Cooke D| title=The emergency department ECG and immediately life-threatening complications in initially uncomplicated suspected myocardial ischemia. | journal=Ann Emerg Med | year= 1988 | volume= 17 | issue= 3 | pages= 221-6 | pmid=3345014 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3345014  }} </ref>
*[[Noonan syndrome]]
*[[Obesity]]<ref name="pmid8362892">{{cite journal| author=Alpert MA, Hashimi MW| title=Obesity and the heart. | journal=Am J Med Sci | year= 1993 | volume= 306 | issue= 2 | pages= 117-23 | pmid=8362892 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8362892  }} </ref>
*[[Patent ductus arteriosus]]
*[[Pompe's disease]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Primary carnitine deficiency]]
*[[Restrictive cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Systemic hypertension]]
*[[Thalassemia]]
*[[Thyroxine]]<ref name="pmid8862963">{{cite journal| author=Bartalena L, Bogazzi F, Martino E| title=Adverse effects of thyroid hormone preparations and antithyroid drugs. | journal=Drug Saf | year= 1996 | volume= 15 | issue= 1 | pages= 53-63 | pmid=8862963 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8862963  }} </ref>
*[[Tricuspid atresia]]
{{col-end}}


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 19:29, 26 August 2017

Left ventricular hypertrophy Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]

Synonyms and keywords: LVH

Overview

Disease processes that can cause LVH include any disease that increases the afterload in which the heart has to contract against (for example hypertension). Some primary diseases of the heart muscle can also give rise to left ventricular hypertrophy known as hypertrophic cardiomyopathies.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Acute myocardial infarction, alcoholic cardiomyopathy, amyloidosis, aortic insufficiency, aortic stenosis, athlete's heart, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, coarctation of the aorta, congenital heart disease, Danon disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, Fabry's disease, familial dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hemochromatosis, hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, mitral regurgitation, myocardial ischemia, Noonan syndrome, patent ductus arteriosus, restrictive cardiomyopathy, systemic hypertension, tricuspid atresia
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Fabry's disease
Drug Side Effect Anthracyclines, thyroxine
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Acromegaly, amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, Pompe's disease, hyperparathyroidism (primary and secondary)
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Hemochromatosis, Pompe's disease, primary carnitine deficiency
Genetic Danon disease, Fabry's disease, Friedreich's ataxia, hemochromatosis, MELAS, Noonan syndrome, Pompe's disease, primary carnitine deficiency
Hematologic Hemochromatosis, thalassemia
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Hemochromatosis,MELAS
Neurologic Fabry's disease, Friedreich's ataxia, MELAS
Nutritional/Metabolic Danon disease, Fabry's disease, MELAS, obesity, Pompe's disease, primary carnitine deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic Pregnancy
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic Fabry's disease, hypertension, systemic hypertension
Overdose/Toxicity Androgenic anabolic steroid abuse
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, chronic renal failure, end stage renal disease, Fabry's disease, hypertension, systemic hypertension
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Amyloidosis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Obesity

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Brush JE, Brand DA, Acampora D, Chalmer B, Wackers FJ (1985). "Use of the initial electrocardiogram to predict in-hospital complications of acute myocardial infarction". N Engl J Med. 312 (18): 1137–41. doi:10.1056/NEJM198505023121801. PMID 3920520.
  2. ↑ Fesmire FM, Percy RF, Wears RL (1991). "Diagnostic and prognostic importance of comparing the initial to the previous electrocardiogram in patients admitted for suspected acute myocardial infarction". South Med J. 84 (7): 841–6. PMID 2068623.
  3. ↑ Lazutin VK, Nychkina TN, Litvintsev VP, Iakovlev SV, Boĭko SE (1991). "[Clinical significance of arrhythmia in patients with hypertension]". Kardiologiia. 31 (4): 71–4. PMID 2067187.
  4. ↑ Tuttolomondo A, Pecoraro R, Simonetta I, Miceli S, Pinto A, Licata G (2013). "Anderson-Fabry disease: a multiorgan disease". Curr Pharm Des. 19 (33): 5974–96. PMID 23448451.
  5. ↑ Cauti FM, O'Mahony C, Pantazis A (2010). "Cardiac involvement in Anderson-Fabry disease". BMJ Case Rep. 2010. doi:10.1136/bcr.02.2010.2760. PMC 3029827. PMID 22767366.
  6. ↑ Vanberg P, Atar D (2010). "Androgenic anabolic steroid abuse and the cardiovascular system". Handb Exp Pharmacol (195): 411–57. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-79088-4_18. PMID 20020375.
  7. ↑ Mladosievicová B (2004). "[ACE inhibitors in the treatment of ventricular dysfunction caused by cardiotoxic cytostatics]". Ceska Slov Farm. 53 (2): 55–60. PMID 15095572.
  8. ↑ Pavlik G, Major Z, Varga-Pintér B, Jeserich M, Kneffel Z (2010). "The athlete's heart Part I (Review)". Acta Physiol Hung. 97 (4): 337–53. doi:10.1556/APhysiol.97.2010.4.1. PMID 21138810.
  9. ↑ Masoumi A, Elhassan E, Schrier RW (2011). "Interpretation of renal volume in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and relevant clinical implications". Iran J Kidney Dis. 5 (1): 1–8. PMID 21189426.
  10. ↑ Schrier RW (2006). "Optimal care of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients". Nephrology (Carlton). 11 (2): 124–30. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1797.2006.00535.x. PMID 16669974.
  11. ↑ Gonsorcík J, Palko S, Mydlík M (1995). "[Cardiologic management in patients on a long-term dialysis program]". Bratisl Lek Listy. 96 (1): 47–50. PMID 7633909.
  12. ↑ Hayakawa M, Yokota Y, Kumaki T, Kaku K, Toh S, Takarada A; et al. (1984). "Clinical significance of left ventricular hypertrophy in dilated cardiomyopathy: an echocardiographic follow-up of 50 patients". J Cardiogr. 14 (1): 115–23. PMID 6240508.
  13. ↑ Hammer F, Krane V, Störk S, Röser C, Hofmann K, Pollak N; et al. (2014). "Rationale and design of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in End-Stage Renal Disease Study (MiREnDa)". Nephrol Dial Transplant. 29 (2): 400–5. doi:10.1093/ndt/gft409. PMID 24166468.
  14. ↑ Groothoff JW (2005). "Long-term outcomes of children with end-stage renal disease". Pediatr Nephrol. 20 (7): 849–53. doi:10.1007/s00467-005-1878-9. PMID 15834618.
  15. ↑ Mahmud HM (2014). "Fabry's disease--a comprehensive review on pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment". J Pak Med Assoc. 64 (2): 189–94. PMID 24640811.
  16. ↑ Uyama E (2008). "[Fabry disease in light of recent review]". Brain Nerve. 60 (11): 1235–44. PMID 19069157.
  17. ↑ Passino C, Franzoni F, Gabutti A, Poletti R, Galetta F, Emdin M (2004). "Abnormal ventricular repolarization in hypertensive patients: role of sympatho-vagal imbalance and left ventricular hypertrophy". Int J Cardiol. 97 (1): 57–62. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.07.029. PMID 15336807.
  18. ↑ Maron BJ, Spirito P, Ackerman MJ, Casey SA, Semsarian C, Estes NA; et al. (2013). "Prevention of sudden cardiac death with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in children and adolescents with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy". J Am Coll Cardiol. 61 (14): 1527–35. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.037. PMID 23500286.
  19. ↑ Zalenski RJ, Sloan EP, Chen EH, Hayden RF, Gold IW, Cooke D (1988). "The emergency department ECG and immediately life-threatening complications in initially uncomplicated suspected myocardial ischemia". Ann Emerg Med. 17 (3): 221–6. PMID 3345014.
  20. ↑ Alpert MA, Hashimi MW (1993). "Obesity and the heart". Am J Med Sci. 306 (2): 117–23. PMID 8362892.
  21. ↑ Bartalena L, Bogazzi F, Martino E (1996). "Adverse effects of thyroid hormone preparations and antithyroid drugs". Drug Saf. 15 (1): 53–63. PMID 8862963.

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