Iron deficiency anemia natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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==Natural History== | ==Natural History== | ||
* The symptoms of iron deficiency are similar as in any other case of anemia. | |||
* The stage of anemia develops when there is chronic deficiency of iron and all the iron stores of body are used up. | |||
* Initially in iron defiicency, no symptoms develop as body has sufficient store of iron in the form of ferritin. | |||
* Normal ferittin levels are 20 to 300 ng/mL. This level denotes suffiicient iron levels in the body. | |||
* Ferittin levels between 20-40 ng/ml denotes iron deficiency without anemia. | |||
* Ferittin levels <20 ng/ml denotes iron deficency with anemia and signs and symptoms of anemia develop at this stage. | |||
* Iron deficiency anemia has age specific presentations: | |||
** Infants (age 0-12 months) and Preschool Children (age 1-5 years) | |||
*** Iron-deficiency anemia is defined as a Hb concentration of less than or equal to 10.0 g/dL . | |||
*** Developmental delays. | |||
*** Behavioral disturbances (e.g., decreased motor activity, social interaction, and attention to tasks) | |||
*** Iron-deficiency anemia also contributes to lead poisoning in children by increasing the gastrointestinal tract's ability to absorb heavy metals, including lead. | |||
*** Psychiatric illnesses such as unipolar disorder, bipolar disorder and autism spectrum disorder in adolescense. | |||
** Adults (persons aged greater than or equal to 18 years) | |||
*** Decreased functional capacity | |||
*** Signs of hypoxia due to low oxygen delivery to the tissues. | |||
** Pregnant Female | |||
*** Increased chances of pre term labor | |||
*** Low birth weight baby | |||
==Complications== | ==Complications== | ||
*Iron deficiency anemia can affect school performance | *Iron deficiency anemia can lead to severe complications if not treated. | ||
*Severe iron deficiency (ferittin '''<10 ng/mL (<10 mcg/L; <22.5 picoM/L)''' can lead to severe complications. | |||
*Exercise: | |||
**Fatigue | |||
**Low stamina | |||
**Muscle atrophy | |||
* Heart | |||
** Irregular heart beat | |||
** Cardiac failure | |||
** Dilated cardiomyopathy | |||
** Systolic murmur | |||
** Myocardial ischemia | |||
** Angina | |||
* Lungs | |||
** Pulmonary edema | |||
** Dyspnea | |||
* Development delay in children | |||
** Mental retardation | |||
** Behavioral differences | |||
** Psychiatric illness | |||
* Pregnancy | |||
** Preterm labor | |||
** Low birth weight baby | |||
** | |||
** | |||
*Iron deficiency anemia can affect school performance | |||
*Low iron levels are an important cause of decreased attention span, reduced alertness, and learning difficulties, both in young children and adolescents. | *Low iron levels are an important cause of decreased attention span, reduced alertness, and learning difficulties, both in young children and adolescents. |
Revision as of 21:50, 20 August 2018
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Overview
Natural History
- The symptoms of iron deficiency are similar as in any other case of anemia.
- The stage of anemia develops when there is chronic deficiency of iron and all the iron stores of body are used up.
- Initially in iron defiicency, no symptoms develop as body has sufficient store of iron in the form of ferritin.
- Normal ferittin levels are 20 to 300 ng/mL. This level denotes suffiicient iron levels in the body.
- Ferittin levels between 20-40 ng/ml denotes iron deficiency without anemia.
- Ferittin levels <20 ng/ml denotes iron deficency with anemia and signs and symptoms of anemia develop at this stage.
- Iron deficiency anemia has age specific presentations:
- Infants (age 0-12 months) and Preschool Children (age 1-5 years)
- Iron-deficiency anemia is defined as a Hb concentration of less than or equal to 10.0 g/dL .
- Developmental delays.
- Behavioral disturbances (e.g., decreased motor activity, social interaction, and attention to tasks)
- Iron-deficiency anemia also contributes to lead poisoning in children by increasing the gastrointestinal tract's ability to absorb heavy metals, including lead.
- Psychiatric illnesses such as unipolar disorder, bipolar disorder and autism spectrum disorder in adolescense.
- Adults (persons aged greater than or equal to 18 years)
- Decreased functional capacity
- Signs of hypoxia due to low oxygen delivery to the tissues.
- Pregnant Female
- Increased chances of pre term labor
- Low birth weight baby
- Infants (age 0-12 months) and Preschool Children (age 1-5 years)
Complications
- Iron deficiency anemia can lead to severe complications if not treated.
- Severe iron deficiency (ferittin <10 ng/mL (<10 mcg/L; <22.5 picoM/L) can lead to severe complications.
- Exercise:
- Fatigue
- Low stamina
- Muscle atrophy
- Heart
- Irregular heart beat
- Cardiac failure
- Dilated cardiomyopathy
- Systolic murmur
- Myocardial ischemia
- Angina
- Lungs
- Pulmonary edema
- Dyspnea
- Development delay in children
- Mental retardation
- Behavioral differences
- Psychiatric illness
- Pregnancy
- Preterm labor
- Low birth weight baby
- Iron deficiency anemia can affect school performance
- Low iron levels are an important cause of decreased attention span, reduced alertness, and learning difficulties, both in young children and adolescents.
- Excess amounts of lead may be absorbed by people with iron deficiency.
Prognosis
- With treatment, the outcome is likely to be good. In most cases, the blood counts will return to normal in 2 months. It is essential to determine the cause of the iron deficiency.
- You should continue taking iron supplements for another 6 to 12 months after blood counts return to normal, or as your health care provider recommends. This will help the body rebuild its iron storage.
- Iron supplementation improves learning, memory, and cognitive test performance in adolescents who have low levels of iron. Iron supplementation also improves the performance of athletes with anemia and iron deficiency.