Chlamydia infection natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
If left untreated, chlamydia can cause [[pelvic inflammatory disease]] in women and [[epididymitis]] and [[orchitis]] in males.<ref name=abc> Chlamydia trachomatis. Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis. Accessed on December 22, 2015</ref><ref name="pmid23316985">{{cite journal| author=Mishori R, McClaskey EL, WinklerPrins VJ| title=Chlamydia trachomatis infections: screening, diagnosis, and management. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2012 | volume= 86 | issue= 12 | pages= 1127-32 | pmid=23316985 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23316985  }} </ref> Common complications of chlamydia among women include [[cervicitis]], [[infertility]], [[ectopic pregnancy]], and chronic pelvic pain.  Complications of chlamydia in men include [[proctitis]], [[epididymitis]], and [[sterility]]. Other complications of chlamydia include an increased risk of acquiring [[HIV]] and [[reactive arthritis]].
If left untreated, chlamydia can cause [[pelvic inflammatory disease]] in women and [[epididymitis]] and [[orchitis]] in males.<ref name=abc> Chlamydia trachomatis. Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis. Accessed on December 22, 2015</ref><ref name="pmid23316985">{{cite journal| author=Mishori R, McClaskey EL, WinklerPrins VJ| title=Chlamydia trachomatis infections: screening, diagnosis, and management. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2012 | volume= 86 | issue= 12 | pages= 1127-32 | pmid=23316985 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23316985  }} </ref> Common complications of chlamydia among women include [[cervicitis]], [[infertility]], [[ectopic pregnancy]], and chronic pelvic pain.  Complications of chlamydia in men include [[proctitis]], [[epididymitis]], and [[sterility]]. Other complications of chlamydia include an increased risk of acquiring [[HIV]] and [[reactive arthritis]].<ref name="pmid23957327">{{cite journal| author=Hocking JS, Vodstrcil LA, Huston WM, Timms P, Chen MY, Worthington K et al.| title=A cohort study of Chlamydia trachomatis treatment failure in women: a study protocol. | journal=BMC Infect Dis | year= 2013 | volume= 13 | issue=  | pages= 379 | pmid=23957327 | doi=10.1186/1471-2334-13-379 | pmc=PMC3751832 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23957327  }} </ref>


==Natural History==
==Natural History==
If left untreated, chlamydia can cause [[pelvic inflammatory disease]] and [[infertility]] in women and [[epididymitis]] and [[orchitis]] in males, which in rare cases can lead to sterility.<ref name=abc> Chlamydia trachomatis. Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis. Accessed on December 22, 2015</ref><ref name="pmid23316985">{{cite journal| author=Mishori R, McClaskey EL, WinklerPrins VJ| title=Chlamydia trachomatis infections: screening, diagnosis, and management. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2012 | volume= 86 | issue= 12 | pages= 1127-32 | pmid=23316985 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23316985  }} </ref>
If left untreated, chlamydia can cause [[pelvic inflammatory disease]] and [[infertility]] in women and [[epididymitis]] and [[orchitis]] in males, which in rare cases may lead to [[sterility]].<ref name=abc> Chlamydia trachomatis. Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis. Accessed on December 22, 2015</ref><ref name="pmid23316985">{{cite journal| author=Mishori R, McClaskey EL, WinklerPrins VJ| title=Chlamydia trachomatis infections: screening, diagnosis, and management. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2012 | volume= 86 | issue= 12 | pages= 1127-32 | pmid=23316985 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23316985  }} </ref>


==Complications==
==Complications==
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*[[Infertility]]
*[[Infertility]]
*Chronic pelvic pain
*Chronic pelvic pain
*Reactive arthritis
*[[Reactive arthritis]]
*Increased risk for acquiring HIV
*Increased risk for acquiring [[HIV]]


Complications of chlamydia in pregnant patients include:<ref name="pmid18476026">{{cite journal| author=Allaire A, Nathan L, Martens MG| title=Chlamydia trachomatis: management in pregnancy. | journal=Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol | year= 1995 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 82-8 | pmid=18476026 | doi=10.1155/S1064744995000378 | pmc=PMC2364418 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18476026  }} </ref>
Complications of chlamydia in pregnant patients include:<ref name="pmid18476026">{{cite journal| author=Allaire A, Nathan L, Martens MG| title=Chlamydia trachomatis: management in pregnancy. | journal=Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol | year= 1995 | volume= 3 | issue= 2 | pages= 82-8 | pmid=18476026 | doi=10.1155/S1064744995000378 | pmc=PMC2364418 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18476026  }} </ref>
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*Intrauterine growth retardation
*Intrauterine growth retardation
*Transmission of infection to newborn
*Transmission of infection to newborn
*Postpartum endometritis
*Postpartum [[endometritis]]


Complications of chlamydia infection in males may include:<ref name="pmid23316985">{{cite journal| author=Mishori R, McClaskey EL, WinklerPrins VJ| title=Chlamydia trachomatis infections: screening, diagnosis, and management. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2012 | volume= 86 | issue= 12 | pages= 1127-32 | pmid=23316985 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23316985  }} </ref><ref name=ddd> Chlamydia - CDC Fact Sheet (Detailed). CDC.http://www.cdc.gov/std/chlamydia/stdfact-chlamydia-detailed.htm. Accessed on January 6th, 2016 </ref><ref name="pmid23957327">{{cite journal| author=Hocking JS, Vodstrcil LA, Huston WM, Timms P, Chen MY, Worthington K et al.| title=A cohort study of Chlamydia trachomatis treatment failure in women: a study protocol. | journal=BMC Infect Dis | year= 2013 | volume= 13 | issue=  | pages= 379 | pmid=23957327 | doi=10.1186/1471-2334-13-379 | pmc=PMC3751832 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23957327  }} </ref>
Complications of chlamydia infection in males may include:<ref name="pmid23316985">{{cite journal| author=Mishori R, McClaskey EL, WinklerPrins VJ| title=Chlamydia trachomatis infections: screening, diagnosis, and management. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2012 | volume= 86 | issue= 12 | pages= 1127-32 | pmid=23316985 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23316985  }} </ref><ref name=ddd> Chlamydia - CDC Fact Sheet (Detailed). CDC.http://www.cdc.gov/std/chlamydia/stdfact-chlamydia-detailed.htm. Accessed on January 6th, 2016 </ref><ref name="pmid23957327">{{cite journal| author=Hocking JS, Vodstrcil LA, Huston WM, Timms P, Chen MY, Worthington K et al.| title=A cohort study of Chlamydia trachomatis treatment failure in women: a study protocol. | journal=BMC Infect Dis | year= 2013 | volume= 13 | issue=  | pages= 379 | pmid=23957327 | doi=10.1186/1471-2334-13-379 | pmc=PMC3751832 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23957327  }} </ref>
*[[Epididymitis]]   
*[[Epididymitis]]   
*[[Orchitis]]
*[[Orchitis]]
*Sterility
*[[Sterility]]
*Proctitis
*[[Proctitis]]
*Reactive arthritis
*[[Reactive arthritis]]
*Increased risk for acquiring HIV
*Increased risk for acquiring [[HIV]]


==Prognosis==
==Prognosis==

Revision as of 20:26, 7 January 2016

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maliha Shakil, M.D. [2]

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Overview

If left untreated, chlamydia can cause pelvic inflammatory disease in women and epididymitis and orchitis in males.[1][2] Common complications of chlamydia among women include cervicitis, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. Complications of chlamydia in men include proctitis, epididymitis, and sterility. Other complications of chlamydia include an increased risk of acquiring HIV and reactive arthritis.[3]

Natural History

If left untreated, chlamydia can cause pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility in women and epididymitis and orchitis in males, which in rare cases may lead to sterility.[1][2]

Complications

Complications of chlamydia infection in women include:[1][4][3]

Complications of chlamydia in pregnant patients include:[5]

  • Pre-term labor
  • Intrauterine growth retardation
  • Transmission of infection to newborn
  • Postpartum endometritis

Complications of chlamydia infection in males may include:[2][4][3]

Prognosis

Prognosis of chlamydia is generally good with adequate treatment.

Reference

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Chlamydia trachomatis. Wikipedia.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis. Accessed on December 22, 2015
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Mishori R, McClaskey EL, WinklerPrins VJ (2012). "Chlamydia trachomatis infections: screening, diagnosis, and management". Am Fam Physician. 86 (12): 1127–32. PMID 23316985.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Hocking JS, Vodstrcil LA, Huston WM, Timms P, Chen MY, Worthington K; et al. (2013). "A cohort study of Chlamydia trachomatis treatment failure in women: a study protocol". BMC Infect Dis. 13: 379. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-379. PMC 3751832. PMID 23957327.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Chlamydia - CDC Fact Sheet (Detailed). CDC.http://www.cdc.gov/std/chlamydia/stdfact-chlamydia-detailed.htm. Accessed on January 6th, 2016
  5. ↑ Allaire A, Nathan L, Martens MG (1995). "Chlamydia trachomatis: management in pregnancy". Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 3 (2): 82–8. doi:10.1155/S1064744995000378. PMC 2364418. PMID 18476026.

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