Chickenpox epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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{{CMG}} {{AE}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{ARK}}
{{Chickenpox}}
{{Chickenpox}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
V[[varicella|aricella]] is an [[endemic]] [[disease]] spread mainly by the respiratory route. Cases are observed all through the year but most in the winter and early spring.
The [[incidence]] of [[chickenpox]] varies among various age groups. [[Varicella]] commonly affects children less than 10 years of age with the highest [[incidence]] among children 1-4 years of age. The [[incidence]] of [[chickenpox]] for children between 0 to 4 years of age is 5234 per 100,000 individuals. Between the years 1990-1994, the [[case fatality rate]] of [[chickenpox]] in the US/UK was 2-3 per 100,000 individuals. In developed countries, [[chickenpox]] causes around 3 deaths per 100,000 individuals.
In tropical regions, cases of varicella infection have been reported to be more commonly among adults than children.
 
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
 
===Prevalence===
 
 


==Epidemiology==


===Incidence===
===Incidence===


*In the United States according to the 2012 survey, varicella incidence declined by 79% during 2000-2010 in 31 states and the incidence declined 72% during 2006-2010, after a routine second dose of varicella vaccination was administered. Varicella incidence from 2 active surveillance sites declined 98% during 1995-2010. <ref name="urlChickenpox | Monitoring Vaccine Impact | Varicella | CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/surveillance/monitoring-varicella.html |title=Chickenpox &#124; Monitoring Vaccine Impact &#124; Varicella &#124; CDC |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
The [[incidence]] of [[chickenpox]] varies among various age groups. The [[incidence]] rates per 100,000 persons in each age group were as follow:
[[Image:Chickenpox Graph 1.jpg|center]]
 
*For age groups 0 to 4 years 5234 per 100,000 individuals
 
*For age groups 5 to 9 years 4132 per 100,000 individuals
*For age groups 10 to 14 years 1404 per 100,000 individuals
*For age groups 15 to 19 years 610 per 100,000 individuals
*For age groups >20 years 175 per 100,000 individuals
The rates of [[incidence]] of [[chickenpox]] declines for older age groups.<ref name="pmid7658062">{{cite journal |vauthors=Choo PW, Donahue JG, Manson JE, Platt R |title=The epidemiology of varicella and its complications |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=172 |issue=3 |pages=706–12 |year=1995 |pmid=7658062 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
[[Image:Chickenpox Graph 1.jpg|center|thumb|500px|Source: https://www.cdc.gov/]]


===Case Fatality Rate===
===Case Fatality Rate===
Between the years 1990-1994,  case fatality rate in the US/UK is 2-3 per 100,000.
*The [[case fatality rate]] among children was 1 per 100,000.
*In 2008 the [[case fatality rate]] in Brazil estimated [[case fatality rate]] is 4 per 100,000. <ref name="urlwww.who.int">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/april/2_SAGE_April_VZV_Seward_Varicella.pdf |title=www.who.int |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*In 2000 the [[case fatality rate]] in Guinea Bissau was approximately 129 per 100,000 cases, 50 times higher than US/UK.
*In 1970, the [[case fatality rate]] in India among adults was 52 per 100,000 cases, 20 times higher than US/UK.
*Worldwide, the [[case fatality rate]] among adults was 20-25 per 100,000. <ref name="urlwww.who.int">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/april/2_SAGE_April_VZV_Seward_Varicella.pdf |title=www.who.int |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
[[Image:VZV - Case Fatality Rate.jpg|center|500px|source: WHO.int]]


*In 1990-1994,  case fatality rate is 2-3/100,000 cases in the US/UK among which children's cases were 1/100,000 and adults cases were 20-25/100,000 cases. <ref name="urlwww.who.int">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/april/2_SAGE_April_VZV_Seward_Varicella.pdf |title=www.who.int |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
==Demographics==
 
 
[[Image:VZV_-_Case Fatality Rate.jpg|center|500px]]


===Age===
===Age===
* Varicella being one of the classical diseases of childhood, has a highest prevalence occurring in the age groups of less than 10 years old.
*The [[prevalence]] of chicken pox decreases with age.
*The highest age-specific incidence of varicella was among children 1–4 years of age, who accounted for 39% of all cases. This age distribution was probably a result of earlier exposure to VZV in preschool and child care settings. Children 5–9 years of age accounted for 38% of cases. Adults 20 years of age and older accounted for only 7% of cases (National Health Interview Survey data, 1990–1994).  Data from three active varicella surveillance areas indicate that the incidence of varicella, as well as varicella-related hospitalizations, has decreased significantly since licensure of vaccine in 1995.
*Varicella commonly affects children less than 10 years of age with the highest [[incidence]] among children 1-4 years of age.
* It is highly [[Communicable disease|communicable]], with an attack rate of 90% in close contacts. Occurs mostly before adulthood but 10% of young adults remain susceptible. This pattern varies by regions, eg. in rural India, varicella is predominantly a disease of adults with the mean age of infection being 23.4 years which could be due to the interference by other respiratory [[viruses]] that the children are exposed to at an early age.<ref name="EpidemiologyURL">{{cite web
[[Image:VZV_-_Age 2.jpg|center|600px|source: WHO.int]]
|url=http://virology-online.com/viruses/VZV3.htm
[[Image:Chickenpox Graph 3.jpg|center|600px|source: WHO.int]]
|title=Epidemiology of Varicella Zoster Virus Infection, Epidemiology of VZV Infection, Epidemiology of Chicken Pox, Epidemiology of Shingles
|format=
|work=
|accessdate=2008-04-22
}}</ref>
* From generations, varicella has been a disease predominantly affecting the preschool and school-aged children. In tropical regions, the disease noticed among adults has the characteristics of the pocks being darker and the [[scars]] being more prominent than their younger counterparts.<ref name="EpidemiologyURL" />
* In the U.S., 55% of chickenpox deaths are in the over-20 age group, even though they are a tiny fraction of the cases.
 
 
[[Image:VZV_-_Age 2.jpg|center|500px]]


===Gender===
===Gender===


*The prevalence and incidence of chickenpox does not vary by gender. Gender differences in the incidence of chickenpox were observed in the 15-24 years age group females who are affected more comparatively. <ref name="pmid14979582">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fleming DM, Cross KW, Cobb WA, Chapman RS |title=Gender difference in the incidence of shingles |journal=Epidemiol. Infect. |volume=132 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |year=2004 |pmid=14979582 |pmc=2870070 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*The [[prevalence]] and [[incidence]] of chickenpox generally do not vary by gender.  
*Chickenpox is more prevalent in females between the ages of 15 - 24 as compared to males.<ref name="pmid14979582">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fleming DM, Cross KW, Cobb WA, Chapman RS |title=Gender difference in the incidence of shingles |journal=Epidemiol. Infect. |volume=132 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |year=2004 |pmid=14979582 |pmc=2870070 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


===Race===
===Race===
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===Developed Countries===
===Developed Countries===
The epidemiology and demographics of chickenpox in the developed countries are as follows:<ref name="urlwww.who.int">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/april/2_SAGE_April_VZV_Seward_Varicella.pdf |title=www.who.int |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
The [[epidemiology]] and [[demographics]] of chickenpox in developed countries are as follows:<ref name="urlwww.who.int">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/april/2_SAGE_April_VZV_Seward_Varicella.pdf |title=www.who.int |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>


*Incidence
*[[Incidence]]
**15.0 – 16.0/1,000 persons per year
**1500 – 1600 per 100,000 persons per year
**Highest incidence < 10 years
*[[Case fatality rate|Case-fatality rate]]
*Complications
**2-4% of cases
*Hospitalizations
**3-6 hospitalizations per 1,000 cases
*Congenital varicella syndrome
**Risk = 1-2% for pregnancies affected 0-20 weeks
*Deaths
**3 deaths per 100,000 cases
**3 deaths per 100,000 cases
**Most deaths occur in healthy people
===Developing Countries===
*Guinea Bissau 2000 (small study 2 deaths/1539 cases –6 months and 17 years) approximately 129/100,000 case, 50 times higher than US/UK.
*India late 1970s enhanced rash illness surveillance post smallpox eradication 433 deaths/862,155 reported cases; 80% deaths adults 52/100,000 cases, 20 times higher than US/UK
*Brazil 2008: estimated case fatality rate is 4/100,000. (deaths from vital statistics, cases from modeling). <ref name="urlwww.who.int">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/april/2_SAGE_April_VZV_Seward_Varicella.pdf |title=www.who.int |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
Deaths in hospital admissions.
*Nigeria (1970s): 14 deaths among 2,153 hospital admissions.
*Sri Lanka (2000-2001): 41 deaths among 989 varicella admissions (4.2%).
*Papua New Guinea (1980s): 10 deaths in adults at small hospital over 2 years in population 130,000.<ref name="urlwww.who.int">{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/april/2_SAGE_April_VZV_Seward_Varicella.pdf |title=www.who.int |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
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Latest revision as of 20:53, 29 July 2020


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Reddy Kothagadi M.B.B.S[2]

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Overview

The incidence of chickenpox varies among various age groups. Varicella commonly affects children less than 10 years of age with the highest incidence among children 1-4 years of age. The incidence of chickenpox for children between 0 to 4 years of age is 5234 per 100,000 individuals. Between the years 1990-1994, the case fatality rate of chickenpox in the US/UK was 2-3 per 100,000 individuals. In developed countries, chickenpox causes around 3 deaths per 100,000 individuals.

Epidemiology

Incidence

The incidence of chickenpox varies among various age groups. The incidence rates per 100,000 persons in each age group were as follow:

  • For age groups 0 to 4 years 5234 per 100,000 individuals
  • For age groups 5 to 9 years 4132 per 100,000 individuals
  • For age groups 10 to 14 years 1404 per 100,000 individuals
  • For age groups 15 to 19 years 610 per 100,000 individuals
  • For age groups >20 years 175 per 100,000 individuals

The rates of incidence of chickenpox declines for older age groups.[1]

Source: https://www.cdc.gov/

Case Fatality Rate

Between the years 1990-1994, case fatality rate in the US/UK is 2-3 per 100,000.

source: WHO.int
source: WHO.int

Demographics

Age

  • The prevalence of chicken pox decreases with age.
  • Varicella commonly affects children less than 10 years of age with the highest incidence among children 1-4 years of age.
source: WHO.int
source: WHO.int
source: WHO.int
source: WHO.int

Gender

  • The prevalence and incidence of chickenpox generally do not vary by gender.
  • Chickenpox is more prevalent in females between the ages of 15 - 24 as compared to males.[3]

Race

  • There is no racial predilection for chickenpox.

Developed Countries

The epidemiology and demographics of chickenpox in developed countries are as follows:[2]

Gallery

References

  1. ↑ Choo PW, Donahue JG, Manson JE, Platt R (1995). "The epidemiology of varicella and its complications". J. Infect. Dis. 172 (3): 706–12. PMID 7658062.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "www.who.int" (PDF).
  3. ↑ Fleming DM, Cross KW, Cobb WA, Chapman RS (2004). "Gender difference in the incidence of shingles". Epidemiol. Infect. 132 (1): 1–5. PMC 2870070. PMID 14979582.
  4. ↑ "Public Health Image Library (PHIL)".


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