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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Worldwide, cervical cancer is the third most common cancer among women and the second most frequent cause of cancer-related death, accounting for nearly 300,000 deaths annually.<ref name=cancer.gov>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/cancer-advances-in-focus/cervical Cancer advances in focus. Cervical cancer. national cancer institute]</ref> In developing nations, it is often the most common cause of cancer-related death among women and a leading cause of death overall.<ref name=cancer.gov>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/cancer-advances-in-focus/cervical Cancer advances in focus. Cervical cancer. national cancer institute]</ref> Once one of the most common cancers affecting U.S. women, cervical cancer now ranks 14th in frequency.<ref name=cancer.gov>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/cancer-advances-in-focus/cervical Cancer advances in focus. Cervical cancer. national cancer institute]</ref> Because precancerous lesions found by Pap | Worldwide, cervical cancer is the third most common cancer among women and the second most frequent cause of cancer-related death, accounting for nearly 300,000 deaths annually.<ref name=cancer.gov>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/cancer-advances-in-focus/cervical Cancer advances in focus. Cervical cancer. national cancer institute]</ref> In developing nations, it is often the most common cause of cancer-related death among women and a leading cause of death overall.<ref name=cancer.gov>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/cancer-advances-in-focus/cervical Cancer advances in focus. Cervical cancer. national cancer institute]</ref> Once one of the most common cancers affecting U.S. women, cervical cancer now ranks 14th in frequency.<ref name=cancer.gov>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/cancer-advances-in-focus/cervical Cancer advances in focus. Cervical cancer. national cancer institute]</ref> Because precancerous lesions found by [[Pap smear]]s can be treated and cured before they develop into cancer, and because cervical cancer is often detected before it becomes advanced, the incidence and death rates for this disease are relatively low.<ref name=cancer.gov>[http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/cancer-advances-in-focus/cervical Cancer advances in focus. Cervical cancer. national cancer institute]</ref> According to the most recent data, the age-adjusted incidence rate for cervical cancer was 6.73 cases per 100,000 women in the United States in 2011.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref> | ||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rim Halaby, M.D. [2]
Overview
Worldwide, cervical cancer is the third most common cancer among women and the second most frequent cause of cancer-related death, accounting for nearly 300,000 deaths annually.[1] In developing nations, it is often the most common cause of cancer-related death among women and a leading cause of death overall.[1] Once one of the most common cancers affecting U.S. women, cervical cancer now ranks 14th in frequency.[1] Because precancerous lesions found by Pap smears can be treated and cured before they develop into cancer, and because cervical cancer is often detected before it becomes advanced, the incidence and death rates for this disease are relatively low.[1] According to the most recent data, the age-adjusted incidence rate for cervical cancer was 6.73 cases per 100,000 women in the United States in 2011.[2]
Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalence
- In the United States, the age-adjusted prevalence of cervical cancer is 87.9 per 100,000 in 2011.[2]
Incidence
- The delay-adjusted incidence of cervical cancer in 2011 was estimated to be 6.83 per 100,000 persons in the United States.[2]
- In 2011, the age-adjusted incidence of cervical cancer was 6.73 per 100,000 persons in the United States.[2]
- In Great Britain, the incidence is 8.8/100,000 per year (2001), similar to the rest of Northern Europe, and mortality is 2.8/100,000 per year (2003) (Cancer Research UK Cervical cancer statistics for the UK). With a 42% reduction from 1988-1997 the National Health Service (NHS) implemented screening programme has been highly successful, screening the highest risk age group (25-49 years) every 3 years, and those ages 50-64 every 5 years. In 2011, 3,064 women in the United Kingdom were diagnosed with cervical cancer.[3]
Age
- While the overall age-adjusted incidence of cervical cancer in the United States between 2007 and 2011 is 7.8 per 100,000, the age-adjusted incidence of cervical cancer by age category is:[2]
- Under 65 years: 7.3 per 100,000
- 65 and over: 11.5 per 100,000
Race
- Shown below is a table depicting the age-adjusted prevalence of cervical cancer by race in 2011 in the United States.[2]
| All Races | White | Black | Asian/Pacific Islander | Hispanic | |
| Age-adjusted prevalence | 87.9 per 100,000 | 91.3 per 100,000 | 81.9 per 100,000 | 75.5 per 100,000 | 141 per 100,000 |
- Shown below is an image depicting the incidence of cervical cancer in the white and black races in the United States between 1975 and 2011.[2]
- Shown below is an image depicting the incidence of cervical cancer by race in the United States between 1975 and 2011.[2]
API: Asian/Pacific Islander; AI/AN: American Indian/ Alaska Native
Developed Countries
- As recently as the 1940s, cervical cancer was a major cause of death among women of childbearing age in the United States. However, with the introduction in the 1950s of the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear―a simple test in which a sample of cervical cells is examined under a microscope to detect cellular abnormalities―the incidence of invasive cervical cancer declined dramatically. Between 1955 and 1992, U.S. cervical cancer incidence and death rates declined by more than 60%.[1]
- Once one of the most common cancers affecting U.S. women, cervical cancer now ranks 14th in frequency. Because precancerous lesions found by Pap smears can be treated and cured before they develop into cancer, and because cervical cancer is often detected before it becomes advanced, the incidence and death rates for this disease are relatively low.[1]
- In certain populations and geographic areas of the United States, cervical cancer incidence and death rates are still high, due in large part to limited access to cervical cancer screening. Rates are also high in developing nations, where more than 80% of cervical cancer cases occur. [1]
Developing Countries
In developing nations, cervical cancer is often the most common cause of cancer-related death among women and a leading cause of death overall.[1]
Percent Distribution of Cervical Cancer by Histology
Among patients with histologically confirmed cases of cervical cancer, the percent distribution of the types of the disease between 2007 and 2011 in the United States are:[2]
- Carcinoma: 98.1%
- Epidermoid carcinoma: 66.1%
- Squamous cell carcinoma: 45.2%
- Squamous cell, keratinizing: 7.1%
- Squamous cell, non keratinizing: 8.9%
- Squamous cell, microinvasive: 3.3%
- Other: 1.5%
- Adenocarcinoma: 27,7%
- Adenocarcinoma no otherwise specified: 14.5%
- Adenosquamous: 3.7%
- Other adenocarcinoma: 9.5%
- Other specific carcinoma: 1.5%
- Unspecified carcinoma: 2.9%
- Epidermoid carcinoma: 66.1%
- Sarcoma: 0.4%
- Other specific types: 1%
- Unspecified: 0.6%
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Cancer advances in focus. Cervical cancer. national cancer institute
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.
- ↑ Cancer Research UK