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Revision as of 00:17, 2 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Moises Romo M.D.

Synonyms and keywords:

Overview

Anosmia has been formally recognized as a characteristic symtom of COVID-19 infection.^[1]

Historical Perspective

[Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].

The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].

In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].

In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].

There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], including -----.

In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].

Classification

There is no established system for the classification of [disease name].

OR

[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups: [group1], [group2], [group3], and [group4].

OR

[Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3]. [Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].

OR

Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.

OR

If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features: According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].

OR

The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].

OR

There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].

Pathophysiology

Now in day, more than 200 types of viruses are identified to cause anosmia; coronavirus strains are responsable of 10-15% of the cases.^[1]^[2]
Human strains of coronavirus (HCoVs) can infect and spread through the olfactory bulb.^[3]^[1]
The mechanism of central nervous system (CNS) invasion is unclear.^[3]
Studies suggest that viruses may propagate from the nasal cavity to the olfactory bulb through neuron-to-neuron axonal transport or passive diffusion of released viral particles.^[3]
A study from Germany described that approximately two thirds of confirmed COVID-19 infections presented anosmia and dysgeusia at some point of the disease.^[4] Another study from South Korea, with 3191 mild-disease patients reported only 15.3% of anosmia or dysgeusia.^[5]
In a study, 74.4% reported complete loss of smell.^[1]
Anosmia may occur as the only symptom of COVID-19 in approximately 16% of individuals.^[1]
Anosmia occurs more commonly after the onset of other symptoms. In a study involving 1325 participants with anosmia (with no confirmatory COVID-19 test), 13% reported anosmia before their onset, 38.4% at the same time, and in 48.6% after the onset of symptoms.^[1]

The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.

OR

It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].

OR

[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.

OR

Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.

OR

[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].

OR

The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].

OR

The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.

Causes

Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].

OR

Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].

OR

The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

OR

The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

Differentiating COVID-19-associated anosmia from other Diseases

[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

OR

[Disease name] must be differentiated from [[differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].

Epidemiology and Demographics

Postviral anosmia constitutes 40% of all anosmia causes in adults.^[1]^[6]
Further studies are requiered to establish the incidence of anosmia in COVID-19+ patients.^[1]
Severe olfactory loss (complete anosmia) is estimated to have an estimated prevalence of around 5% in general population studies (independently of infection).^[1]^[7]

The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

OR

In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

OR

In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate of [number range]%.

Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].

OR

The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.

OR

[Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.

OR

[Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].

OR

[Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].

There is no racial predilection to [disease name].

OR

[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].

[Disease name] affects men and women equally.

OR

[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].

OR

[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].

Risk Factors

Advanced age and male gender are risk factors for developing anosmia in patients with COVID-19 infection.^[1]^[8]^[9]

There are no established risk factors for [disease name].

OR

The most potent risk factor in the development of [disease name] is [risk factor 1]. Other risk factors include [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] include [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].

OR

Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.

Screening

Several ENT societies in the United Kingdom and the United States, have advised to treat anosmia marker of SARS-CoV-2 infection.^[10]^[11]^[12]
The American Academy of Otolaryngology (AAO) proposed for anosmia, hyposmia, and dysgeusia to be added to the list of screening tools for COVID-19 in otherwise asymptomatic individuals.^[12]^[10]

There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].

OR

According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] is not recommended.

OR

According to the [guideline name], screening for [disease name] by [test 1] is recommended every [duration] among patients with [condition 1], [condition 2], and [condition 3].

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].

OR

Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

OR

Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].

OR

The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which include [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].

OR

The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [definition name] definition, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].

OR

There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].

History and Symptoms

The majority of patients with [disease name] are asymptomatic.

OR

The hallmark of [disease name] is [finding]. A positive history of [finding 1] and [finding 2] is suggestive of [disease name]. The most common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Common symptoms of [disease] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3]. Less common symptoms of [disease name] include [symptom 1], [symptom 2], and [symptom 3].

Physical Examination

Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance]. Physical examination of patients with [disease name] is usually remarkable for [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

Common physical examination findings of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is diagnostic of [disease name].

OR

The presence of [finding(s)] on physical examination is highly suggestive of [disease name].

Laboratory Findings

An elevated/reduced concentration of serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].

OR

Laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].

OR

[Test] is usually normal among patients with [disease name].

OR

Some patients with [disease name] may have elevated/reduced concentration of [test], which is usually suggestive of [progression/complication].

OR

There are no diagnostic laboratory findings associated with [disease name].

Electrocardiogram

There are no ECG findings associated with [disease name].

OR

An ECG may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an ECG suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

X-ray

There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name].

OR

An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no x-ray findings associated with [disease name]. However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

Echocardiography or Ultrasound

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name].

OR

Echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with [disease name]. However, an echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

CT scan

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Location] CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no CT scan findings associated with [disease name]. However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

MRI

There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Location] MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on MRI suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

There are no MRI findings associated with [disease name]. However, a MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of [disease name], which include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].

Other Imaging Findings

There are no other imaging findings associated with [disease name].

OR

[Imaging modality] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings on an [imaging modality] suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Other Diagnostic Studies

There are no other diagnostic studies associated with [disease name].

OR

[Diagnostic study] may be helpful in the diagnosis of [disease name]. Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of [disease name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

OR

Other diagnostic studies for [disease name] include [diagnostic study 1], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3], and [diagnostic study 2], which demonstrates [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].

Treatment

Medical Therapy

There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.

OR

Supportive therapy for [disease name] includes [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and [therapy 3].

OR

The majority of cases of [disease name] are self-limited and require only supportive care.

OR

[Disease name] is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment.

OR

The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is [therapy].

OR

The optimal therapy for [malignancy name] depends on the stage at diagnosis.

OR

[Therapy] is recommended among all patients who develop [disease name].

OR

Pharmacologic medical therapy is recommended among patients with [disease subclass 1], [disease subclass 2], and [disease subclass 3].

OR

Pharmacologic medical therapies for [disease name] include (either) [therapy 1], [therapy 2], and/or [therapy 3].

OR

Empiric therapy for [disease name] depends on [disease factor 1] and [disease factor 2].

OR

Patients with [disease subclass 1] are treated with [therapy 1], whereas patients with [disease subclass 2] are treated with [therapy 2].

Surgery

Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name].

OR

Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and [indication 3]

OR

The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either [indication 1], [indication 2], and/or [indication 3].

OR

The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of [malignancy] at diagnosis.

OR

Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].

Primary Prevention

There are no established measures for the primary prevention of [disease name].

OR

There are no available vaccines against [disease name].

OR

Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].

OR

[Vaccine name] vaccine is recommended for [patient population] to prevent [disease name]. Other primary prevention strategies include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].

Secondary Prevention

There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name].

OR

Effective measures for the secondary prevention of [disease name] include [strategy 1], [strategy 2], and [strategy 3].

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 ^1.8 ^1.9 Hopkins C, Surda P, Kumar N (June 2020). "Presentation of new onset anosmia during the COVID-19 pandemic". Rhinology. 58 (3): 295–298. doi:10.4193/Rhin20.116. PMID 32277751 Check |pmid= value (help).
↑ Eccles R (November 2005). "Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza". Lancet Infect Dis. 5 (11): 718–25. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X. PMC 7185637 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 16253889.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Dubé M, Le Coupanec A, Wong A, Rini JM, Desforges M, Talbot PJ (September 2018). "Axonal Transport Enables Neuron-to-Neuron Propagation of Human Coronavirus OC43". J. Virol. 92 (17). doi:10.1128/JVI.00404-18. PMC 6096804. PMID 29925652. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
↑ "Neue Corona-Symptome entdeckt: Virologe Hendrik Streeck zum Virus".
↑ "[단독]대구 확진자 3191명 중 15%, 후각이나 미각 잃었다 - 중앙일보".
↑ Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W et al. A Novel Welge -Lussen A, Wolfensberger M. (2006). "Olfactory disorders following upper respiratory tract infections". Adv Otorhinolaryngol.
↑ Brämerson A, Johansson L, Ek L, Nordin S, Bende M (April 2004). "Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction: the skövde population-based study". Laryngoscope. 114 (4): 733–7. doi:10.1097/00005537-200404000-00026. PMID 15064632.
↑ Stogbauer J, Wirkner K, Engel C, Moebus S, Pundt N, Teismann H, Loffler M, Hummel T, Beule AG, Berger K (April 2020). "Prevalence and risk factors of smell dysfunction - a comparison between five German population-based studies". Rhinology. 58 (2): 184–191. doi:10.4193/Rhin19.181. PMID 31693018.
↑ Wang X, Zhang C, Xia X, Yang Y, Zhou C (October 2019). "Effect of gender on odor identification at different life stages: a meta-analysis". Rhinology. 57 (5): 322–330. doi:10.4193/Rhin19.005. PMID 31152646.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Robert Pellegrin, Keiland W. Cooper, Antonella Di Pizio, Paule V. Joseph, Surabhi Bhutani, Valentina Parma (2020). "Corona Viruses and the Chemical Senses: Past, Present, and Future". Oxford University. line feed character in |title= at position 40 (help)
↑ "www.entuk.org" (PDF).
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 "AAO-HNSF 2020 Annual Meeting & OTO Experience | American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery".

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[pmid32277751-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 ^1.8 ^1.9 Hopkins C, Surda P, Kumar N (June 2020). "Presentation of new onset anosmia during the COVID-19 pandemic". Rhinology. 58 (3): 295–298. doi:10.4193/Rhin20.116. PMID 32277751 Check |pmid= value (help).

[pmid16253889-2] Eccles R (November 2005). "Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza". Lancet Infect Dis. 5 (11): 718–25. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X. PMC 7185637 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 16253889.

[pmid29925652-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Dubé M, Le Coupanec A, Wong A, Rini JM, Desforges M, Talbot PJ (September 2018). "Axonal Transport Enables Neuron-to-Neuron Propagation of Human Coronavirus OC43". J. Virol. 92 (17). doi:10.1128/JVI.00404-18. PMC 6096804. PMID 29925652. Vancouver style error: initials (help)

[urlNeue_Corona-Symptome_entdeckt:_Virologe_Hendrik_Streeck_zum_Virus-4] "Neue Corona-Symptome entdeckt: Virologe Hendrik Streeck zum Virus".

[url[단독]대구_확진자_3191명_중_15%,_후각이나_미각_잃었다_-_중앙일보-5] "[단독]대구 확진자 3191명 중 15%, 후각이나 미각 잃었다 - 중앙일보".

[6] Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W et al. A Novel Welge -Lussen A, Wolfensberger M. (2006). "Olfactory disorders following upper respiratory tract infections". Adv Otorhinolaryngol.

[pmid15064632-7] Brämerson A, Johansson L, Ek L, Nordin S, Bende M (April 2004). "Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction: the skövde population-based study". Laryngoscope. 114 (4): 733–7. doi:10.1097/00005537-200404000-00026. PMID 15064632.

[pmid31693018-8] Stogbauer J, Wirkner K, Engel C, Moebus S, Pundt N, Teismann H, Loffler M, Hummel T, Beule AG, Berger K (April 2020). "Prevalence and risk factors of smell dysfunction - a comparison between five German population-based studies". Rhinology. 58 (2): 184–191. doi:10.4193/Rhin19.181. PMID 31693018.

[pmid31152646-9] Wang X, Zhang C, Xia X, Yang Y, Zhou C (October 2019). "Effect of gender on odor identification at different life stages: a meta-analysis". Rhinology. 57 (5): 322–330. doi:10.4193/Rhin19.005. PMID 31152646.

[:0-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Robert Pellegrin, Keiland W. Cooper, Antonella Di Pizio, Paule V. Joseph, Surabhi Bhutani, Valentina Parma (2020). "Corona Viruses and the Chemical Senses: Past, Present, and Future". Oxford University. line feed character in |title= at position 40 (help)

[urlwww.entuk.org-11] "www.entuk.org" (PDF).

[urlAAO-HNSF_2020_Annual_Meeting_&_OTO_Experience_|_American_Academy_of_Otolaryngology-Head_and_Neck_Surgery-12] 12.0 ^12.1 "AAO-HNSF 2020 Annual Meeting & OTO Experience | American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery".

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{SI}}
-{{CMG}}; {{AE}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}}[[User:MoisesRomo|Moises Romo M.D.]]
 {{SK}}
 ==Overview==
+[[Anosmia]] has been formally recognized as a characteristic symtom of [[COVID-19]] [[infection]].<ref name="pmid32277751" />
 ==Historical Perspective==
@@ Line 51: / Line 52: @@
 ==Pathophysiology==
+* Now in day, more than 200 types of [[viruses]] are identified to cause [[anosmia]]; [[coronavirus]] [[Strain (biology)|strains]] are responsable of 10-15% of the cases.<ref name="pmid32277751" /><ref name="pmid16253889">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eccles R |title=Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=718–25 |date=November 2005 |pmid=16253889 |pmc=7185637 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X |url=}}</ref>
+* Human [[Strain (biology)|strains]] of [[Coronavirus, SARS associated|coronavirus]] ([[Novel human coronavirus infection|HCoV]]<nowiki/>s) can infect and spread through the [[olfactory bulb]].<ref name="pmid29925652">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dubé M, Le Coupanec A, Wong AHM, Rini JM, Desforges M, Talbot PJ |title=Axonal Transport Enables Neuron-to-Neuron Propagation of Human Coronavirus OC43 |journal=J. Virol. |volume=92 |issue=17 |pages= |date=September 2018 |pmid=29925652 |pmc=6096804 |doi=10.1128/JVI.00404-18 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid32277751" />
+* The mechanism of [[Central nervous system|central nervous system (CNS)]] invasion is unclear.<ref name="pmid29925652" />
+* Studies suggest that [[viruses]] may propagate from the [[Nasal cavity|nasal cavit]]<nowiki/>y to the [[olfactory bulb]] through neuron-to-neuron [[axonal]] transport or passive diffusion of released viral particles.<ref name="pmid29925652" />
+* A  study from Germany described that approximately two thirds of confirmed [[COVID-19]] infections presented [[anosmia]] and [[dysgeusia]] at some point of the [[disease]].<ref name="urlNeue Corona-Symptome entdeckt: Virologe Hendrik Streeck zum Virus">{{cite web |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/gesundheit/coronavirus/neue-corona-symptome-entdeckt-virologe-hendrik-streeck-zum-virus-16681450.html |title=Neue Corona-Symptome entdeckt: Virologe Hendrik Streeck zum Virus |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> Another study from South Korea, with 3191 mild-[[disease]] patients reported only 15.3% of [[anosmia]] or [[dysgeusia]].<ref name="url[단독]대구 확진자 3191명 중 15%, 후각이나 미각 잃었다 - 중앙일보">{{cite web |url=https://news.joins.com/article/23738003?cloc=joongang-mhomegroup6&fbclid=IwAR33__i-aKtLN2MzCs5A |title=[단독]대구 확진자 3191명 중 15%, 후각이나 미각 잃었다 - 중앙일보 |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
+* In a study, 74.4% reported complete loss of [[smell]].<ref name="pmid32277751" />
+* [[Anosmia]] may occur as the only symptom of [[COVID-19]] in approximately 16% of individuals.<ref name="pmid32277751" />
+* [[Anosmia]] occurs more commonly after the onset of other [[symptoms]]. In a study involving 1325 participants with anosmia (with no confirmatory [[COVID-19 diagnostic study of choice|COVID-19 test]]), 13% reported [[anosmia]] before their onset, 38.4% at the same time, and in 48.6% after the onset of [[symptoms]].<ref name="pmid32277751" />
 The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.
@@ Line 101: / Line 112: @@
 ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
+* Postviral [[anosmia]] constitutes 40% of all [[anosmia]] causes in adults.<ref name="pmid32277751">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hopkins C, Surda P, Kumar N |title=Presentation of new onset anosmia during the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=Rhinology |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=295–298 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32277751 |doi=10.4193/Rhin20.116 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W et al. A Novel Welge -Lussen A, Wolfensberger M.|first=|date=2006|title=Olfactory disorders following upper respiratory tract infections|url=|journal=Adv Otorhinolaryngol|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>
+* Further studies are requiered to establish the incidence of [[anosmia]] in [[COVID-19]]+ patients.<ref name="pmid32277751" />
+* Severe [[Olfaction|olfactory]] loss (complete [[anosmia]]) is estimated to have an estimated [[prevalence]] of around 5% in general population studies (independently of infection).<ref name="pmid32277751" /><ref name="pmid15064632">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brämerson A, Johansson L, Ek L, Nordin S, Bende M |title=Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction: the skövde population-based study |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=114 |issue=4 |pages=733–7 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15064632 |doi=10.1097/00005537-200404000-00026 |url=}}</ref>
 The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
@@ Line 156: / Line 172: @@
 ==Risk Factors==
+Advanced [[age]] and [[male]] gender are [[risk factors]] for developing [[anosmia]] in patients with [[COVID-19]] infection.<ref name="pmid32277751" /><ref name="pmid31693018">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stogbauer J, Wirkner K, Engel C, Moebus S, Pundt N, Teismann H, Loffler M, Hummel T, Beule AG, Berger K |title=Prevalence and risk factors of smell dysfunction - a comparison between five German population-based studies |journal=Rhinology |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=184–191 |date=April 2020 |pmid=31693018 |doi=10.4193/Rhin19.181 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid31152646">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang X, Zhang C, Xia X, Yang Y, Zhou C |title=Effect of gender on odor identification at different life stages: a meta-analysis |journal=Rhinology |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=322–330 |date=October 2019 |pmid=31152646 |doi=10.4193/Rhin19.005 |url=}}</ref>
 There are no established risk factors for [disease name].
@@ Line 171: / Line 190: @@
 ==Screening==
+* Several [[ENT]] societies in the United Kingdom and the United States, have advised to treat [[anosmia]] marker of [[SARS-CoV-2]] [[infection]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Robert Pellegrin, Keiland W. Cooper, Antonella Di Pizio, Paule V. Joseph, Surabhi Bhutani, Valentina Parma|first=|date=2020|title=Corona Viruses and the Chemical Senses:
+Past, Present, and Future|url=|journal=Oxford University|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref name="urlwww.entuk.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.entuk.org/sites/default/files/files/Loss%20of%20sense%20of%20smell%20as%20marker%20of%20COVID.pdf |title=www.entuk.org |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlAAO-HNSF 2020 Annual Meeting & OTO Experience | American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery">{{cite web |url=https://www.entnet.org/content/aao-hnsf-2020-annual-meeting-oto-experience |title=AAO-HNSF 2020 Annual Meeting & OTO Experience &#124; American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
+* The [[American Academy of Otolaryngology]] (AAO) proposed for [[anosmia]], [[hyposmia]], and [[dysgeusia]] to be added to the list of screening tools for [[COVID-19]] in otherwise [[asymptomatic]] individuals.<ref name="urlAAO-HNSF 2020 Annual Meeting & OTO Experience | American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery" /><ref name=":0" />
 There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for [disease/malignancy].