Bacterial pneumonia laboratory findings: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{{Bacterial pneumonia}}
{{Bacterial pneumonia}}
'''Editor-In-Chief:''' [[User:C Michael Gibson|C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.]] [Mailto:charlesmichaelgibson@gmail.com| <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>]; '''Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:''' Arooj Naz<br />
'''Editor-In-Chief:''' [[User:C Michael Gibson|C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.]] [Mailto:charlesmichaelgibson@gmail.com| <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>]; '''Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:''' [[User:AroojNaz|Arooj Naz, M.B.B.S]]<br />


==Overview==
==Overview==
Patients infected with [[bacterial pneumonia]] present with a high [[leukocyte]] count as well as elevated inflammatory [[biomarkers]], including [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]] and [[C reactive protein|C-RP]]. [[Red blood cell]] and [[platelet]] count can also be affected presenting as [[anemia]] and [[thrombocytopenia]]. [[ABG|Arterial blood gasses]] will often show changes in [[pH]] leading to a [[respiratory acidosis]]. Other tests routinely done include [[electrolyte]] assessment, [[renal function tests]], [[pulse oximetry]], [[gram staining]] and [[Sputum culture|sputum]] samples. [[Blood cultures]] and [[PCR]] tests are sensitive tests that can provide a definitive diagnosis and aid in the selection of [[antibiotics]].


===Routine Lab Tests===
==Laboratory Findings==
<ref name="pmid30020693">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2021 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=30020693 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
'''CBC'''<ref name="pmid30020693">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2021 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=30020693 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
===CBC===
# RBC: Anemia
# WBC: significant leukocytosis (with left shift), leukopenia may present in cases of atypical pneumonia
# Platelets: Thrombocytopenia


===Electrolytes===
#[[RBC]]: [[Anemia]]
* Hyponatremia (in cases of ''Legionella'')
#[[WBC]]: Significant [[leukocytosis]] (with left shift), leukopenia may present in cases of atypical pneumonia
#[[Platelets]]: [[Thrombocytopenia]]


===Inflammatory biomarkers===
'''[[Electrolyte|Electrolytes]]<ref name="pmid30020693" />'''
*ESR: elevated
*C-reactive protein: elevated


===RFTs===
*Electrolytes are particularly helpful but hyponatremia may be present in cases of ''[[Legionella]]''
* BUN: elevated


===Arterial Blood Gas===
'''Inflammatory [[biomarkers]]<ref name="pmid30020693" />'''
* Hypoxia
* Respiratory acidosis


===Pulse oximetry===
*[[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]]: Elevated
* < 92% indicates severe hypoxia
*[[C-reactive protein (CRP)|C-reactive protein]]: Elevated (> 100 mg/L)


===Blood Culture===
'''[[Renal function tests|RFTs]]<ref name="pmid30020693" />'''
* samples should be taken before administering antibiotics


==Other Lab Tests==
*[[BUN]]: elevated


===Gram staining===
'''[[ABG|Arterial Blood Gas]]<ref name="pmid30020693" />'''
* may assist in determining the underlying bacteria


===Sputum samples===
*[[Hypoxia]]
* should be obtained when patient presents with a productive cough
*[[Respiratory acidosis]] (pH <7.2, bicarbonate <22 mEq/L)


'''[[Pulse oximetry]]<ref name="pmid30020693" />'''


===Polymerase Chain Reaction===
*< 92% indicates severe hypoxia
* provides sensitive and rapid results<ref name="pmid25225517">{{cite journal| author=Aydemir O, Aydemir Y, Ozdemir M| title=The role of multiplex PCR test in identification of bacterial pathogens in lower respiratory tract infections. | journal=Pak J Med Sci | year= 2014 | volume= 30 | issue= 5 | pages= 1011-6 | pmid=25225517 | doi=10.12669/pjms.305.5098 | pmc=4163223 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25225517  }} </ref>


===Urine Antigen===
'''Blood Culture<ref name="pmid30020693" />'''
* used to detect 'Legionella''<ref name="pmid24856525">{{cite journal| author=Couturier MR, Graf EH, Griffin AT| title=Urine antigen tests for the diagnosis of respiratory infections: legionellosis, histoplasmosis, pneumococcal pneumonia. | journal=Clin Lab Med | year= 2014 | volume= 34 | issue= 2 | pages= 219-36 | pmid=24856525 | doi=10.1016/j.cll.2014.02.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24856525  }} </ref>


===Bronchoalveolar Lavage===
*Blood culture samples are necessary in diagnosing the bacterial agent responsible. Samples should be taken before administering [[antibiotics]]
* Especially helpful in determining the presence of bacterial pneumonia in non-immunocompromised and mechanically ventilated patients<ref name="pmid8605896">{{cite journal| author=Sanchez Nieto JM, Carillo Alcaraz A| title=The role of bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia. | journal=Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis | year= 1995 | volume= 14 | issue= 10 | pages= 839-50 | pmid=8605896 | doi=10.1007/BF01691489 | pmc=7102128 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8605896 }} </ref>
*A common practice in hospitalized patients
 
'''[[Gram staining]]<ref name="pmid30020693" />'''
 
*Gram staining can identify if an organism is [[Gram positive bacteria|gram positive]], [[Gram-negative bacteria|gram negative]], or does not have a cell wall as in the case of ''[[Mycoplasma]]''
 
'''[[Sputum culture|Sputum]] samples<ref name="pmid30020693" />'''
 
*Sputum samples should be obtained when patient presents with a [[productive cough]]
*A common practice in hospitalized patients
 
'''[[Polymerase chain reaction|Polymerase Chain Reaction]]'''
 
*PCR results are very rapid and sensitive for detection of bacteria<ref name="pmid25225517">{{cite journal| author=Aydemir O, Aydemir Y, Ozdemir M| title=The role of multiplex PCR test in identification of bacterial pathogens in lower respiratory tract infections. | journal=Pak J Med Sci | year= 2014 | volume= 30 | issue= 5 | pages= 1011-6 | pmid=25225517 | doi=10.12669/pjms.305.5098 | pmc=4163223 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25225517 }} </ref>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Pneumonia|Pneumonia]]
[[Category:Pneumonia|Pneumonia]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Up-to-date]]


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Latest revision as of 00:53, 7 August 2022

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Arooj Naz, M.B.B.S

Overview

Patients infected with bacterial pneumonia present with a high leukocyte count as well as elevated inflammatory biomarkers, including ESR and C-RP. Red blood cell and platelet count can also be affected presenting as anemia and thrombocytopenia. Arterial blood gasses will often show changes in pH leading to a respiratory acidosis. Other tests routinely done include electrolyte assessment, renal function tests, pulse oximetry, gram staining and sputum samples. Blood cultures and PCR tests are sensitive tests that can provide a definitive diagnosis and aid in the selection of antibiotics.

Laboratory Findings

CBC[1]

  1. RBC: Anemia
  2. WBC: Significant leukocytosis (with left shift), leukopenia may present in cases of atypical pneumonia
  3. Platelets: Thrombocytopenia

Electrolytes[1]

  • Electrolytes are particularly helpful but hyponatremia may be present in cases of Legionella

Inflammatory biomarkers[1]

RFTs[1]

Arterial Blood Gas[1]

Pulse oximetry[1]

  • < 92% indicates severe hypoxia

Blood Culture[1]

  • Blood culture samples are necessary in diagnosing the bacterial agent responsible. Samples should be taken before administering antibiotics
  • A common practice in hospitalized patients

Gram staining[1]

Sputum samples[1]

  • Sputum samples should be obtained when patient presents with a productive cough
  • A common practice in hospitalized patients

Polymerase Chain Reaction

  • PCR results are very rapid and sensitive for detection of bacteria[2]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 "StatPearls". 2021. PMID 30020693.
  2. Aydemir O, Aydemir Y, Ozdemir M (2014). "The role of multiplex PCR test in identification of bacterial pathogens in lower respiratory tract infections". Pak J Med Sci. 30 (5): 1011–6. doi:10.12669/pjms.305.5098. PMC 4163223. PMID 25225517.

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