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{{Aortitis}}
{{Aortitis}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{VR}} {{Maliha}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Aortitis is generally associated with [[Rheumatism|rheumatologic diseases]] or [[Infectious disease|infectious etiologies]].  The most common causes of aortitis are [[temporal arteritis]] and [[Takayasu's arteritis]].<ref name="pmid18541754">{{cite journal | author = Gornik HL, Creager MA | title = Aortitis | journal = [[Circulation]] | volume = 117 | issue = 23 | pages = 3039–51 | year = 2008 | month = June | pmid = 18541754 | pmc = 2759760 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.760686 | url = http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18541754 | issn = }}</ref> Infectious aortitis most commonly presents as [[mycotic aneurysm]] and is potentially life-threatening.<ref name="pmid19743492">{{cite journal | author = Lopes RJ, Almeida J, Dias PJ, Pinho P, Maciel MJ | title = Infectious thoracic aortitis: a literature review | journal = [[Clinical Cardiology]] | volume = 32 | issue = 9 | pages = 488–90 | year = 2009 | month = September | pmid = 19743492 | doi = 10.1002/clc.20578 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clc.20578 | issn = }}</ref>  Aortitis may also be an incidental pathologic finding after surgery for [[aortic aneurysm]].
Life threatening causes of aortitis include [[bacteremia]] and [[mycotic aneurysm]].  Common causes of aortitis include [[ankylosing spondylitis]], [[giant cell arteritis]], and [[Takayasu arteritis]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
'''''Conditions that may cause death or permanent disability within the next 24 hours''''' 
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.


<font color="white">{{Smallcaps|{{PAGENAME}} developed by WikiDoc.org}}</font>
*[[Bacteremia]]
*[[Mycotic aneurysm]]


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
 
*[[Ankylosing spondylitis natural history, complications and prognosis#Complications |Ankylosing spondylitis]]
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*[[Temporal arteritis natural history, complications and prognosis#Complications|Giant cell arteritis]]
*[[Salmonella#Salmonella- associated diseases|Salmonella]]
*[[Takayasu arteritis#Natural History, Complications and Prognosis|Takayasu arteritis]]<ref name="Restrepo-">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Restrepo | first1 = CS. | last2 = Ocazionez | first2 = D. | last3 = Suri | first3 = R. | last4 = Vargas | first4 = D. | title = Aortitis: imaging spectrum of the infectious and inflammatory conditions of the aorta. | journal = Radiographics | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 435-51 | month =  | year =  | doi = 10.1148/rg.312105069 | PMID = 21415189 }}</ref><ref name="Lopes-2009">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Lopes | first1 = RJ. | last2 = Almeida | first2 = J. | last3 = Dias | first3 = PJ. | last4 = Pinho | first4 = P. | last5 = Maciel | first5 = MJ. | title = Infectious thoracic aortitis: a literature review. | journal = Clin Cardiol | volume = 32 | issue = 9 | pages = 488-90 | month = Sep | year = 2009 | doi = 10.1002/clc.20578 | PMID = 19743492 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18541754">{{cite journal| author=Gornik HL, Creager MA| title=Aortitis. | journal=Circulation | year= 2008 | volume= 117 | issue= 23 | pages= 3039-51 | pmid=18541754 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.760686 | pmc=PMC2759760 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18541754  }}</ref>


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Atherosclerosis]], [[endocarditis]], [[Abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery#Complications|perianeurysmal aortitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis]], [[psoriasis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Furosemide]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Crohn's disease]], [[ulcerative colitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Interleukin 23|IL-23 overexpression]], [[Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Myelodysplastic syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cardiac catheterization]], [[Abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery#Complications|perianeurysmal aortitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[AIDS natural history, complications, and prognosis#Other complications|AIDS]], [[aspergillus]], [[bacteremia]], [[borrelia burgdorferi]],  [[candida]], [[endocarditis]], [[enterococcus]], [[escherichia coli]], [[Fusarium solani f.sp. pisi|fusarium solani]], [[gonorrhea]], [[haemophilus influenzae]], [[hepatitis B]], [[hepatitis C]], [[mycobacterium fortuitum]], [[mycobacterium tuberculosis]], [[mycotic aneurysm]], [[pasteurella multocida]], [[proteus]], [[pseudomonas]], [[Reiter's syndrome]], [[rocky mountain spotted fever]], [[Salmonella#Salmonella- associated diseases|salmonella]],  [[staphylococcus]], [[streptococcus pneumoniae]], [[Syphilis history and symptoms#Tertiary syphilis|syphilis]], [[yaws]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 103: Line 106:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Sarcoidosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis]], [[ANCA-associated vasculitides]], [[Ankylosing spondylitis natural history, complications and prognosis#Complications|ankylosing spondylitis]], [[Autoimmune Vasculitis|autoimmune vasculitis]], [[Behçet's disease]], [[capnocytophaga canimorsus]], [[Churg-Strauss syndrome]], [[Cogan syndrome]], [[Temporal arteritis natural history, complications and prognosis#Complications|giant cell arteritis]], [[IgG4-related systemic disease]], [[juvenile rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[microscopic polyangiitis]], [[Ormond's disease]], [[polyarteritis nodosa]], [[psoriasis]], [[reactive arthritis]], [[Reiter's syndrome]], [[relapsing polychondritis]], [[retroperitoneal fibrosis]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[scleroderma]], [[spondylarthropathy]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Takayasu arteritis#Natural History, Complications and Prognosis|Takayasu arteritis]], [[Wegener granulomatosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Retroperitoneal fibrosis|Idiopathic isolated periaortitis]], [[Idiopathic|idiopathic isolated aortitis]]
|-
|-
|}
|}
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===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{columns-list|
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis]]
 
*[[AIDS natural history, complications, and prognosis#Other complications#Other complications|AIDS]]
 
*[[ANCA-associated vasculitides]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Ankylosing spondylitis natural history, complications and prognosis#Complications|Ankylosing spondylitis]]
 
*[[Aspergillus]]
 
*[[Atherosclerosis]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Autoimmune Vasculitis|Autoimmune vasculitis]]
 
*[[Bacteremia]]
 
*[[Behçet's disease]]
{{col-end}}
*[[Borrelia burgdorferi]]
<font color="white">{{Smallcaps|{{PAGENAME}} developed by WikiDoc.org}}</font>
*[[Candida]]
*[[Capnocytophaga canimorsus]]
*[[Cardiac catheterization]]<ref name="Barbetseas-2005">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Barbetseas | first1 = J. | last2 = Vavouranakis | first2 = E. | last3 = Stefanadis | first3 = C. | title = Evolution of aortitis after cardiac catheterisation. | journal = Heart | volume = 91 | issue = 2 | pages = 238 | month = Feb | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1136/hrt.2004.038257 | PMID = 15657250 }}</ref>
*[[Churg-Strauss syndrome]]<ref name="Segal-2001">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Segal | first1 = OR. | last2 = Gibbs | first2 = JS. | last3 = Sheppard | first3 = MN. | title = Eosinophilic aortitis and valvitis requiring aortic valve replacement. | journal = Heart | volume = 86 | issue = 3 | pages = 245 | month = Sep | year = 2001 | doi =  | PMID = 11514469 }}</ref>
*[[Cogan syndrome]]<ref name="St Clair-1999">{{Cite journal  | last1 = St Clair | first1 = EW. | last2 = McCallum | first2 = RM. | title = Cogan's syndrome. | journal = Curr Opin Rheumatol | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 47-52 | month = Jan | year = 1999 | doi =  | PMID = 9894630 }}</ref>
*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Endocarditis]]
*[[Enterococcus]]
*[[Escherichia coli]]
*[[Furosemide]]
*[[Fusarium solani f.sp. pisi|Fusarium solani]]<ref name="Calcaterra-2013">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Calcaterra | first1 = D. | last2 = Karam | first2 = K. | last3 = Suzuki | first3 = Y. | title = Computed tomography findings in a patient with fungal aortitis: acute aortic syndrome secondary to fusariosis. | journal = Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 171-2 | month = Jul | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1093/icvts/ivt071 | PMID = 23529750 }}</ref>
*[[Temporal arteritis natural history, complications and prognosis#Complications|Giant cell arteritis]]
*[[Gonorrhea]]
*[[Haemophilus influenzae]]
*[[Hepatitis B]]
*[[Hepatitis C]]
*[[Idiopathic|Idiopathic isolated aortitis]]<ref name="Lee-2010">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Lee | first1 = SH. | last2 = Choi | first2 = JH. | title = A case of idiopathic aortitis mimicking severe aortic stenosis. | journal = J Cardiovasc Ultrasound | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 165-8 | month = Dec | year = 2010 | doi = 10.4250/jcu.2010.18.4.165 | PMID = 21253370 }}</ref>
*[[Retroperitoneal fibrosis|Idiopathic isolated periaortitis]]
*[[IgG4-related systemic disease]]
*[[Interleukin 23|IL-23 overexpression]]<ref name="pmid22772566">{{cite journal| author=Sherlock JP, Joyce-Shaikh B, Turner SP, Chao CC, Sathe M, Grein J et al.| title=IL-23 induces spondyloarthropathy by acting on ROR-γt+ CD3+CD4-CD8- entheseal resident T cells. | journal=Nat Med | year= 2012 | volume= 18 | issue= 7 | pages= 1069-76 | pmid=22772566 | doi=10.1038/nm.2817 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22772566  }} </ref>
*[[Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis]]
*[[Kawasaki disease]]
*[[Microscopic polyangiitis]]
*[[Mycobacterium fortuitum]]<ref name="Schlossberg-1991">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Schlossberg | first1 = D. | last2 = Aaron | first2 = T. | title = Aortitis caused by Mycobacterium fortuitum. | journal = Arch Intern Med | volume = 151 | issue = 5 | pages = 1010-1 | month = May | year = 1991 | doi =  | PMID = 2025125 }}</ref>
*[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
*[[Mycotic aneurysm]]
*[[Myelodysplastic syndrome]]<ref name="Lopez-2001">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Lopez | first1 = FF. | last2 = Vaidyan | first2 = PB. | last3 = Mega | first3 = AE. | last4 = Schiffman | first4 = FJ. | title = Aortitis as a manifestation of myelodysplastic syndrome. | journal = Postgrad Med J | volume = 77 | issue = 904 | pages = 116-8 | month = Feb | year = 2001 | doi =  | PMID = 11161081 }}</ref>
*[[Ormond's disease]]
*[[Pasteurella multocida]]
*[[Abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery#Complications|Perianeurysmal aortitis]]<ref name="van Bommel-2008">{{Cite journal  | last1 = van Bommel | first1 = EF. | last2 = van der Veer | first2 = SJ. | last3 = Hendriksz | first3 = TR. | last4 = Bleumink | first4 = GS. | title = Persistent chronic peri-aortitis ('inflammatory aneurysm') after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: systematic review of the literature. | journal = Vasc Med | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 293-303 | month = Nov | year = 2008 | doi = 10.1177/1358863X08091147 | PMID = 18940906 }}</ref>
*[[Polyarteritis nodosa]]
*[[Proteus]]
*[[Pseudomonas]]
*[[Psoriasis]]
*[[Radiation]]
*[[Reactive arthritis]]
*[[Reiter's syndrome]]
*[[Relapsing polychondritis]]
*[[Retroperitoneal fibrosis]]
*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
*[[Rocky mountain spotted fever]]
*[[Salmonella#Salmonella- associated diseases|Salmonella]]<ref name="Soravia-Dunand-1999">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Soravia-Dunand | first1 = VA. | last2 = Loo | first2 = VG. | last3 = Salit | first3 = IE. | title = Aortitis due to Salmonella: report of 10 cases and comprehensive review of the literature. | journal = Clin Infect Dis | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 862-8 | month = Oct | year = 1999 | doi = 10.1086/520450 | PMID = 10589904 }}</ref>
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Scleroderma]]
*[[Spondylarthropathy]]
*[[Staphylococcus]]
*[[Streptococcus pneumoniae]]
*[[Syphilis history and symptoms#Tertiary syphilis|Syphilis]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Takayasu arteritis#Natural History, Complications and Prognosis|Takayasu arteritis]]
*[[Ulcerative colitis]]
*[[Wegener granulomatosis]]
*[[Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome]]
*[[Yaws]]<ref name="EDINGTON-1954">{{Cite journal  | last1 = EDINGTON | first1 = GM. | title = Cardiovascular disease as a cause of death in the Gold Coast African. | journal = Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg | volume = 48 | issue = 5 | pages = 419-25 | month = Sep | year = 1954 | doi =  | PMID = 13216946 }}</ref>
}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 20:26, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [3] Maliha Shakil, M.D. [4]

Overview

Life threatening causes of aortitis include bacteremia and mycotic aneurysm. Common causes of aortitis include ankylosing spondylitis, giant cell arteritis, and Takayasu arteritis.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Atherosclerosis, endocarditis, perianeurysmal aortitis
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, psoriasis
Drug Side Effect Furosemide
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis
Genetic IL-23 overexpression, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Hematologic Myelodysplastic syndrome
Iatrogenic Cardiac catheterization, perianeurysmal aortitis
Infectious Disease AIDS, aspergillus, bacteremia, borrelia burgdorferi, candida, endocarditis, enterococcus, escherichia coli, fusarium solani, gonorrhea, haemophilus influenzae, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, mycobacterium fortuitum, mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycotic aneurysm, pasteurella multocida, proteus, pseudomonas, Reiter's syndrome, rocky mountain spotted fever, salmonella, staphylococcus, streptococcus pneumoniae, syphilis, yaws
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, ANCA-associated vasculitides, ankylosing spondylitis, autoimmune vasculitis, Behçet's disease, capnocytophaga canimorsus, Churg-Strauss syndrome, Cogan syndrome, giant cell arteritis, IgG4-related systemic disease, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, Kawasaki disease, microscopic polyangiitis, Ormond's disease, polyarteritis nodosa, psoriasis, reactive arthritis, Reiter's syndrome, relapsing polychondritis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, spondylarthropathy, systemic lupus erythematosus, Takayasu arteritis, Wegener granulomatosis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Idiopathic isolated periaortitis, idiopathic isolated aortitis

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Restrepo, CS.; Ocazionez, D.; Suri, R.; Vargas, D. "Aortitis: imaging spectrum of the infectious and inflammatory conditions of the aorta". Radiographics. 31 (2): 435–51. doi:10.1148/rg.312105069. PMID 21415189.
  2. ↑ Lopes, RJ.; Almeida, J.; Dias, PJ.; Pinho, P.; Maciel, MJ. (2009). "Infectious thoracic aortitis: a literature review". Clin Cardiol. 32 (9): 488–90. doi:10.1002/clc.20578. PMID 19743492. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Gornik HL, Creager MA (2008). "Aortitis". Circulation. 117 (23): 3039–51. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.760686. PMC 2759760. PMID 18541754.
  4. ↑ Barbetseas, J.; Vavouranakis, E.; Stefanadis, C. (2005). "Evolution of aortitis after cardiac catheterisation". Heart. 91 (2): 238. doi:10.1136/hrt.2004.038257. PMID 15657250. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Segal, OR.; Gibbs, JS.; Sheppard, MN. (2001). "Eosinophilic aortitis and valvitis requiring aortic valve replacement". Heart. 86 (3): 245. PMID 11514469. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ St Clair, EW.; McCallum, RM. (1999). "Cogan's syndrome". Curr Opin Rheumatol. 11 (1): 47–52. PMID 9894630. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Calcaterra, D.; Karam, K.; Suzuki, Y. (2013). "Computed tomography findings in a patient with fungal aortitis: acute aortic syndrome secondary to fusariosis". Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 17 (1): 171–2. doi:10.1093/icvts/ivt071. PMID 23529750. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ Lee, SH.; Choi, JH. (2010). "A case of idiopathic aortitis mimicking severe aortic stenosis". J Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 18 (4): 165–8. doi:10.4250/jcu.2010.18.4.165. PMID 21253370. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Sherlock JP, Joyce-Shaikh B, Turner SP, Chao CC, Sathe M, Grein J; et al. (2012). "IL-23 induces spondyloarthropathy by acting on ROR-γt+ CD3+CD4-CD8- entheseal resident T cells". Nat Med. 18 (7): 1069–76. doi:10.1038/nm.2817. PMID 22772566.
  10. ↑ Schlossberg, D.; Aaron, T. (1991). "Aortitis caused by Mycobacterium fortuitum". Arch Intern Med. 151 (5): 1010–1. PMID 2025125. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ Lopez, FF.; Vaidyan, PB.; Mega, AE.; Schiffman, FJ. (2001). "Aortitis as a manifestation of myelodysplastic syndrome". Postgrad Med J. 77 (904): 116–8. PMID 11161081. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ van Bommel, EF.; van der Veer, SJ.; Hendriksz, TR.; Bleumink, GS. (2008). "Persistent chronic peri-aortitis ('inflammatory aneurysm') after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: systematic review of the literature". Vasc Med. 13 (4): 293–303. doi:10.1177/1358863X08091147. PMID 18940906. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Soravia-Dunand, VA.; Loo, VG.; Salit, IE. (1999). "Aortitis due to Salmonella: report of 10 cases and comprehensive review of the literature". Clin Infect Dis. 29 (4): 862–8. doi:10.1086/520450. PMID 10589904. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ EDINGTON, GM. (1954). "Cardiovascular disease as a cause of death in the Gold Coast African". Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 48 (5): 419–25. PMID 13216946. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)


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