Abdominal parasitic infection: Difference between revisions
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== Abdominal Parasitic infections == | == Abdominal Parasitic infections == | ||
The following table summarizes all the abdominal parasitic infections. | The following table summarizes all the abdominal parasitic infections. | ||
{| | {| | ||
! colspan="2" |Parasitic Infection | ! colspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Parasitic Infection | ||
! rowspan="2" |Mode of infection | ! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Mode of infection | ||
! | ! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Incidence | ||
!Epidemiology | ! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Epidemiology | ||
! rowspan="2" |'''Clinical manifestations''' | ! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |'''Clinical manifestations''' | ||
! rowspan="2" |Diagnosis | ! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Diagnosis | ||
! rowspan="2" |Treatment | ! rowspan="2" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Treatment | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Disease | ! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Disease | ||
!Parasite | ! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Parasite | ||
! | ! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" align="center" + |Geographic distrubution | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Ascariasis]] | ! style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Ascariasis]] | ||
|[[Ascaris lumbricoides|''Ascaris lumbricoides'']] | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Ascaris lumbricoides|''Ascaris lumbricoides'']] | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Ingestion of [[Ascaris infection|Ascaris]] eggs secreted in the feces of humans or pigs.<ref name="pmid108995342">{{cite journal| author=Permin A, Henningsen E, Murrell KD, Roepstorff A, Nansen P| title=Pigs become infected after ingestion of livers and lungs from chickens infected with Ascaris of pig origin. | journal=Int J Parasitol | year= 2000 | volume= 30 | issue= 7 | pages= 867-8 | pmid=10899534 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10899534 }}</ref> | *Ingestion of [[Ascaris infection|Ascaris]] eggs secreted in the feces of humans or pigs.<ref name="pmid108995342">{{cite journal| author=Permin A, Henningsen E, Murrell KD, Roepstorff A, Nansen P| title=Pigs become infected after ingestion of livers and lungs from chickens infected with Ascaris of pig origin. | journal=Int J Parasitol | year= 2000 | volume= 30 | issue= 7 | pages= 867-8 | pmid=10899534 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10899534 }}</ref> | ||
*Ingesting uncooked pig or chicken liver with the larvae. | *Ingesting uncooked pig or chicken liver with the larvae. | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Ascariasis affects at least 1 billion people worldwide and about 4 million people in the United States.<ref name="pmid246880732">{{cite journal| author=Betson M, Nejsum P, Bendall RP, Deb RM, Stothard JR| title=Molecular epidemiology of ascariasis: a global perspective on the transmission dynamics of Ascaris in people and pigs. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 210 | issue= 6 | pages= 932-41 | pmid=24688073 | doi=10.1093/infdis/jiu193 | pmc=4136802 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24688073 }}</ref> | *Ascariasis affects at least 1 billion people worldwide and about 4 million people in the United States.<ref name="pmid246880732">{{cite journal| author=Betson M, Nejsum P, Bendall RP, Deb RM, Stothard JR| title=Molecular epidemiology of ascariasis: a global perspective on the transmission dynamics of Ascaris in people and pigs. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 210 | issue= 6 | pages= 932-41 | pmid=24688073 | doi=10.1093/infdis/jiu193 | pmc=4136802 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24688073 }}</ref> | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Asia | *Asia | ||
*Africa | *Africa | ||
*South America | *South America | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*[[Abdominal discomfort]] | *[[Abdominal discomfort]] | ||
*[[Anorexia]] | *[[Anorexia]] | ||
| Line 60: | Line 59: | ||
*[[Diarrhea]] | *[[Diarrhea]] | ||
*[[Intestinal obstruction]] | *[[Intestinal obstruction]] | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*[[Stool examination|Stool microscopy]] | *[[Stool examination|Stool microscopy]] | ||
*Peripheral [[eosinophilia]] | *Peripheral [[eosinophilia]] | ||
*[[Barium swallow]] | *[[Barium swallow]] | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*[[Albendazole]] | *[[Albendazole]] | ||
*[[Mebendazole]] | *[[Mebendazole]] | ||
*[[Ivermectin]] | *[[Ivermectin]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Necatoriasis]] | ! style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Necatoriasis]] | ||
| | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Necator americanus|''Necator americanus'']] | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Skin contact | *Skin contact | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Approximately 800 million people are infected with [[hookworms]] worldwide.<ref name="pmid280985262">{{cite journal| author=Bradbury RS, Hii SF, Harrington H, Speare R, Traub R| title=Ancylostoma ceylanicum Hookworm in the Solomon Islands. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2017 | volume= 23 | issue= 2 | pages= 252-257 | pmid=28098526 | doi=10.3201/eid2302.160822 | pmc=5324822 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28098526 }}</ref> | *Approximately 800 million people are infected with [[hookworms]] worldwide.<ref name="pmid280985262">{{cite journal| author=Bradbury RS, Hii SF, Harrington H, Speare R, Traub R| title=Ancylostoma ceylanicum Hookworm in the Solomon Islands. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2017 | volume= 23 | issue= 2 | pages= 252-257 | pmid=28098526 | doi=10.3201/eid2302.160822 | pmc=5324822 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28098526 }}</ref> | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Brazil | *Brazil | ||
*Texas | *Texas | ||
| Line 83: | Line 82: | ||
*India | *India | ||
*Southeast Asia | *Southeast Asia | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*'''Acute <ref name="pmid44512282">{{cite journal| author=Nawalinski TA, Schad GA| title=Arrested development in Ancylostoma duodenale: course of a self-induced infection in man. | journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg | year= 1974 | volume= 23 | issue= 5 | pages= 895-8 | pmid=4451228 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4451228 }}</ref>''' | *'''Acute <ref name="pmid44512282">{{cite journal| author=Nawalinski TA, Schad GA| title=Arrested development in Ancylostoma duodenale: course of a self-induced infection in man. | journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg | year= 1974 | volume= 23 | issue= 5 | pages= 895-8 | pmid=4451228 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4451228 }}</ref>''' | ||
**[[Nausea and vomiting|Nausea]] and [[Nausea and vomiting|vomiting]] | **[[Nausea and vomiting|Nausea]] and [[Nausea and vomiting|vomiting]] | ||
| Line 93: | Line 92: | ||
**[[Anemia]] | **[[Anemia]] | ||
**[[Low birth weight|LBW]] in [[pregnant]] women | **[[Low birth weight|LBW]] in [[pregnant]] women | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Stool microscopy<ref name="pmid290163262">{{cite journal| author=McKenna ML, McAtee S, Bryan PE, Jeun R, Ward T, Kraus J et al.| title=Human Intestinal Parasite Burden and Poor Sanitation in Rural Alabama. | journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg | year= 2017 | volume= 97 | issue= 5 | pages= 1623-1628 | pmid=29016326 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0396 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29016326 }}</ref> | *Stool microscopy<ref name="pmid290163262">{{cite journal| author=McKenna ML, McAtee S, Bryan PE, Jeun R, Ward T, Kraus J et al.| title=Human Intestinal Parasite Burden and Poor Sanitation in Rural Alabama. | journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg | year= 2017 | volume= 97 | issue= 5 | pages= 1623-1628 | pmid=29016326 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0396 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29016326 }}</ref> | ||
*Peripheral [[eosinophilia]] | *Peripheral [[eosinophilia]] | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*[[Albendazole]] | *[[Albendazole]] | ||
*[[Mebendazole]]<ref name="pmid19161732">{{cite journal| author=Genta RM, Woods KL| title=Endoscopic diagnosis of hookworm infection. | journal=Gastrointest Endosc | year= 1991 | volume= 37 | issue= 4 | pages= 476-8 | pmid=1916173 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1916173 }}</ref> | *[[Mebendazole]]<ref name="pmid19161732">{{cite journal| author=Genta RM, Woods KL| title=Endoscopic diagnosis of hookworm infection. | journal=Gastrointest Endosc | year= 1991 | volume= 37 | issue= 4 | pages= 476-8 | pmid=1916173 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1916173 }}</ref> | ||
*[[Pyrantel pamoate]]<ref name="pmid27032297">{{cite journal| author=Serre-Delcor N, Treviño B, Monge B, Salvador F, Torrus D, Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez B et al.| title=Eosinophilia prevalence and related factors in travel and immigrants of the network +REDIVI. | journal=Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin | year= 2017 | volume= 35 | issue= 10 | pages= 617-623 | pmid=27032297 | doi=10.1016/j.eimc.2016.02.024 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27032297 }}</ref> | *[[Pyrantel pamoate]]<ref name="pmid27032297">{{cite journal| author=Serre-Delcor N, Treviño B, Monge B, Salvador F, Torrus D, Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez B et al.| title=Eosinophilia prevalence and related factors in travel and immigrants of the network +REDIVI. | journal=Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin | year= 2017 | volume= 35 | issue= 10 | pages= 617-623 | pmid=27032297 | doi=10.1016/j.eimc.2016.02.024 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27032297 }}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Giardiasis]] | ! style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Giardiasis]] | ||
|''[[Giardia lamblia]]'' | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |''[[Giardia lamblia]]'' | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Ingestion of raw or undercooked food contaminated with [[cysts]].<ref name="pmid15007572">{{cite journal| author=Quick R, Paugh K, Addiss D, Kobayashi J, Baron R| title=Restaurant-associated outbreak of giardiasis. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1992 | volume= 166 | issue= 3 | pages= 673-6 | pmid=1500757 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1500757 }}</ref> | *Ingestion of raw or undercooked food contaminated with [[cysts]].<ref name="pmid15007572">{{cite journal| author=Quick R, Paugh K, Addiss D, Kobayashi J, Baron R| title=Restaurant-associated outbreak of giardiasis. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1992 | volume= 166 | issue= 3 | pages= 673-6 | pmid=1500757 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1500757 }}</ref> | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Approximately, 15,223 cases were reported in the United States in 2012.<ref name="pmid231699402">{{cite journal| author=Muhsen K, Levine MM| title=A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between Giardia lamblia and endemic pediatric diarrhea in developing countries. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2012 | volume= 55 Suppl 4 | issue= | pages= S271-93 | pmid=23169940 | doi=10.1093/cid/cis762 | pmc=3502312 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23169940 }}</ref> | *Approximately, 15,223 cases were reported in the United States in 2012.<ref name="pmid231699402">{{cite journal| author=Muhsen K, Levine MM| title=A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between Giardia lamblia and endemic pediatric diarrhea in developing countries. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2012 | volume= 55 Suppl 4 | issue= | pages= S271-93 | pmid=23169940 | doi=10.1093/cid/cis762 | pmc=3502312 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23169940 }}</ref> | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Worldwide infection | *Worldwide infection | ||
*Among mountains hikers | *Among mountains hikers | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Asymptomatic<ref name="pmid67078122">{{cite journal| author=Pickering LK, Woodward WE, DuPont HL, Sullivan P| title=Occurrence of Giardia lamblia in children in day care centers. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1984 | volume= 104 | issue= 4 | pages= 522-6 | pmid=6707812 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6707812 }}</ref> | *Asymptomatic<ref name="pmid67078122">{{cite journal| author=Pickering LK, Woodward WE, DuPont HL, Sullivan P| title=Occurrence of Giardia lamblia in children in day care centers. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1984 | volume= 104 | issue= 4 | pages= 522-6 | pmid=6707812 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6707812 }}</ref> | ||
*Acute | *Acute | ||
| Line 121: | Line 120: | ||
**[[Weight loss]]. | **[[Weight loss]]. | ||
*Chronic | *Chronic | ||
** | **Loose stools | ||
**[[Malabsorption]] | **[[Malabsorption]] | ||
**[[Steatorrhea]] | **[[Steatorrhea]] | ||
**[[Weight loss]] | **[[Weight loss]] | ||
**[[Fatigue]] | **[[Fatigue]] | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Antigen detection assays | *Antigen detection assays | ||
**[[Fluorescein]]-tagged [[monoclonal antibodies]] | **[[Fluorescein]]-tagged [[monoclonal antibodies]] | ||
| Line 133: | Line 132: | ||
*Nucleic acid amplification<ref name="pmid237115212">{{cite journal| author=Claas EC, Burnham CA, Mazzulli T, Templeton K, Topin F| title=Performance of the xTAG® gastrointestinal pathogen panel, a multiplex molecular assay for simultaneous detection of bacterial, viral, and parasitic causes of infectious gastroenteritis. | journal=J Microbiol Biotechnol | year= 2013 | volume= 23 | issue= 7 | pages= 1041-5 | pmid=23711521 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23711521 }}</ref>assays ([[NAAT]]) | *Nucleic acid amplification<ref name="pmid237115212">{{cite journal| author=Claas EC, Burnham CA, Mazzulli T, Templeton K, Topin F| title=Performance of the xTAG® gastrointestinal pathogen panel, a multiplex molecular assay for simultaneous detection of bacterial, viral, and parasitic causes of infectious gastroenteritis. | journal=J Microbiol Biotechnol | year= 2013 | volume= 23 | issue= 7 | pages= 1041-5 | pmid=23711521 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23711521 }}</ref>assays ([[NAAT]]) | ||
*[[Stool examination|Stool microscopy]] | *[[Stool examination|Stool microscopy]] | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*[[Tinidazole]]<ref name="pmid165073732">{{cite journal| author=Fung HB, Doan TL| title=Tinidazole: a nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent. | journal=Clin Ther | year= 2005 | volume= 27 | issue= 12 | pages= 1859-84 | pmid=16507373 | doi=10.1016/j.clinthera.2005.12.012 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16507373 }}</ref> | *[[Tinidazole]]<ref name="pmid165073732">{{cite journal| author=Fung HB, Doan TL| title=Tinidazole: a nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent. | journal=Clin Ther | year= 2005 | volume= 27 | issue= 12 | pages= 1859-84 | pmid=16507373 | doi=10.1016/j.clinthera.2005.12.012 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16507373 }}</ref> | ||
*[[Nitazoxanide]] | *[[Nitazoxanide]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Fasciolosis]] | ! style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | [[Fasciolosis]] | ||
|''[[Fasciola hepatica|Fasciola Hepaticum]]'' | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |''[[Fasciola hepatica|Fasciola Hepaticum]]'' | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Central and South America | *Central and South America | ||
*Asia (China, Vietnam, Taiwan, Korea, and Thailand) | *Asia (China, Vietnam, Taiwan, Korea, and Thailand) | ||
*Europe (Portugal, France, Spain, and Turkey) | *Europe (Portugal, France, Spain, and Turkey) | ||
*Africa | *Africa | ||
*The Middle East | *The Middle East | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Acute liver phase | *Acute liver phase | ||
**[[Fever]] | **[[Fever]] | ||
| Line 162: | Line 161: | ||
**[[Common bile duct]] obstruction | **[[Common bile duct]] obstruction | ||
**[[Pancreatitis]] | **[[Pancreatitis]] | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Microscopy<ref name="pmid15888692">{{cite journal| author=Prociv P, Walker JC, Whitby M| title=Human ectopic fascioliasis in Australia: first case reports. | journal=Med J Aust | year= 1992 | volume= 156 | issue= 5 | pages= 349-51 | pmid=1588869 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1588869 }}</ref> | *Microscopy<ref name="pmid15888692">{{cite journal| author=Prociv P, Walker JC, Whitby M| title=Human ectopic fascioliasis in Australia: first case reports. | journal=Med J Aust | year= 1992 | volume= 156 | issue= 5 | pages= 349-51 | pmid=1588869 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1588869 }}</ref> | ||
**Stools | **Stools | ||
**Bile | **Bile | ||
**Duodenal aspiration | **Duodenal aspiration | ||
*Peripheral [[eosinophilia]] may disappear.<ref name="pmid221711313">{{cite journal| author=Kaya M, Beştaş R, Cetin S| title=Clinical presentation and management of Fasciola hepatica infection: single-center experience. | journal=World J Gastroenterol | year= 2011 | volume= 17 | issue= 44 | pages= 4899-904 | pmid=22171131 | doi=10.3748/wjg.v17.i44.4899 | pmc=3235633 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22171131 }}</ref> | *Peripheral [[eosinophilia]] may disappear.<ref name="pmid221711313">{{cite journal| author=Kaya M, Beştaş R, Cetin S| title=Clinical presentation and management of Fasciola hepatica infection: single-center experience. | journal=World J Gastroenterol | year= 2011 | volume= 17 | issue= 44 | pages= 4899-904 | pmid=22171131 | doi=10.3748/wjg.v17.i44.4899 | pmc=3235633 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22171131 }}</ref> | ||
*Serology | *Serology | ||
**[[Hemagglutination assay|Indirect hemagglutination]] | **[[Hemagglutination assay|Indirect hemagglutination]] | ||
**[[Complement fixation test|Complement fixation]] | **[[Complement fixation test|Complement fixation]] | ||
**[[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay]] | **[[Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)|Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay]] | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*[[Triclabendazole]] | *[[Triclabendazole]] | ||
*[[Bithionol]] | *[[Bithionol]] | ||
*[[Nitazoxanide]] | *[[Nitazoxanide]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Schistosomiasis]] | ! style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Schistosomiasis]] | ||
| | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | | ||
''[[Schistosoma mansoni|S. mansoni]]''<br> | |||
''[[Schistosoma japonicum|S. japonicum]]''<br> | |||
''[[Schistosoma haematobium|S. haematobium]]'' | |||
|Infection can occur by: | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Penetration of the human skin by [[cercaria]] | *Infection can occur by: | ||
*Handling of contaminated soil | **Penetration of the human skin by [[cercaria]] | ||
*Consumption of contaminated water or food sources (e.g, unwashed garden vegetables) | **Handling of contaminated soil | ||
| | **Consumption of contaminated water or food sources (e.g, unwashed garden vegetables) | ||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
*Approximately 200 million people are infected annually with 200,000 deaths per year. | *Approximately 200 million people are infected annually with 200,000 deaths per year. | ||
|Sub-Saharan Africa | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Sub-Saharan Africa<ref name="pmid230415402">{{cite journal| author=Gower CM, Gouvras AN, Lamberton PH, Deol A, Shrivastava J, Mutombo PN et al.| title=Population genetic structure of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium from across six sub-Saharan African countries: implications for epidemiology, evolution and control. | journal=Acta Trop | year= 2013 | volume= 128 | issue= 2 | pages= 261-74 | pmid=23041540 | doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.09.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23041540 }}</ref> | ||
|Acute schistosomiasis syndrome <ref name="pmid174889232">{{cite journal| author=Jauréguiberry S, Ansart S, Perez L, Danis M, Bricaire F, Caumes E| title=Acute neuroschistosomiasis: two cases associated with cerebral vasculitis. | journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg | year= 2007 | volume= 76 | issue= 5 | pages= 964-6 | pmid=17488923 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17488923 }}</ref> | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Acute schistosomiasis syndrome <ref name="pmid174889232">{{cite journal| author=Jauréguiberry S, Ansart S, Perez L, Danis M, Bricaire F, Caumes E| title=Acute neuroschistosomiasis: two cases associated with cerebral vasculitis. | journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg | year= 2007 | volume= 76 | issue= 5 | pages= 964-6 | pmid=17488923 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17488923 }}</ref> | ||
*[[Fever]] and [[chills]] | *[[Fever]] and [[chills]] | ||
*[[Urticaria]] | *[[Urticaria]] | ||
| Line 206: | Line 204: | ||
*Pulmonary schistosomiasis<ref name="pmid37228982">{{cite journal| author=Sarwat AK, Tag el Din MA, Bassiouni M, Ashmawi SS| title=Schistosomiasis of the lung. | journal=J Egypt Soc Parasitol | year= 1986 | volume= 16 | issue= 1 | pages= 359-66 | pmid=3722898 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3722898 }}</ref> | *Pulmonary schistosomiasis<ref name="pmid37228982">{{cite journal| author=Sarwat AK, Tag el Din MA, Bassiouni M, Ashmawi SS| title=Schistosomiasis of the lung. | journal=J Egypt Soc Parasitol | year= 1986 | volume= 16 | issue= 1 | pages= 359-66 | pmid=3722898 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3722898 }}</ref> | ||
*Genitourinary schistosomiasis | *Genitourinary schistosomiasis | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Stool microscopy<ref name="pmid70428542">{{cite journal| author=Mahmoud AA| title=The ecology of eosinophils in schistosomiasis. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1982 | volume= 145 | issue= 5 | pages= 613-22 | pmid=7042854 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7042854 }}</ref> | *Stool microscopy<ref name="pmid70428542">{{cite journal| author=Mahmoud AA| title=The ecology of eosinophils in schistosomiasis. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1982 | volume= 145 | issue= 5 | pages= 613-22 | pmid=7042854 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7042854 }}</ref> | ||
*Serologic tests include: | *Serologic tests include: | ||
| Line 213: | Line 211: | ||
**[[Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay]] | **[[Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay]] | ||
**[[PCR]] | **[[PCR]] | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*[[Praziquantel]]<ref name="pmid249555232">{{cite journal| author=Cioli D, Pica-Mattoccia L, Basso A, Guidi A| title=Schistosomiasis control: praziquantel forever? | journal=Mol Biochem Parasitol | year= 2014 | volume= 195 | issue= 1 | pages= 23-9 | pmid=24955523 | doi=10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.06.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24955523 }}</ref> | *[[Praziquantel]]<ref name="pmid249555232">{{cite journal| author=Cioli D, Pica-Mattoccia L, Basso A, Guidi A| title=Schistosomiasis control: praziquantel forever? | journal=Mol Biochem Parasitol | year= 2014 | volume= 195 | issue= 1 | pages= 23-9 | pmid=24955523 | doi=10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.06.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24955523 }}</ref> | ||
*[[Oxamniquine]] | *[[Oxamniquine]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Strongyloidiasis | ! style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Strongyloidiasis]] | ||
|[[Strongyloides|''Strongyloidis Stercoralis'']] | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Strongyloides|''Strongyloidis Stercoralis'']] | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Infection is contracted via direct contact with contaminated soil during agricultural, domestic, and recreational activities | *Infection is contracted via direct contact with contaminated soil during agricultural, domestic, and recreational activities | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Approximately 30–100 million infected persons worldwide | *Approximately 30–100 million infected persons worldwide | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Tropical and subtropical regions | *Tropical and subtropical regions | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Hyperinfection syndrome | *Hyperinfection syndrome | ||
**[[Fever]] | **[[Fever]] | ||
| Line 236: | Line 234: | ||
**[[Hemoptysis]] | **[[Hemoptysis]] | ||
**[[Cough]] | **[[Cough]] | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Aspiration of duodenojejunal fluid is sometimes used to detect<ref name="pmid70364302">{{cite journal| author=Carroll SM, Karthigasu KT, Grove DI| title=Serodiagnosis of human strongyloidiasis by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | journal=Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg | year= 1981 | volume= 75 | issue= 5 | pages= 706-9 | pmid=7036430 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7036430 }}</ref> | *Aspiration of duodenojejunal fluid is sometimes used to detect<ref name="pmid70364302">{{cite journal| author=Carroll SM, Karthigasu KT, Grove DI| title=Serodiagnosis of human strongyloidiasis by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | journal=Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg | year= 1981 | volume= 75 | issue= 5 | pages= 706-9 | pmid=7036430 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7036430 }}</ref> | ||
*Stool microscopy | *Stool microscopy | ||
*PCR, ELISA | *PCR, ELISA | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*[[Ivermectin]]<ref name="pmid119571272">{{cite journal| author=Zaha O, Hirata T, Kinjo F, Saito A, Fukuhara H| title=Efficacy of ivermectin for chronic strongyloidiasis: two single doses given 2 weeks apart. | journal=J Infect Chemother | year= 2002 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 94-8 | pmid=11957127 | doi=10.1007/s101560200013 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11957127 }}</ref> | *[[Ivermectin]]<ref name="pmid119571272">{{cite journal| author=Zaha O, Hirata T, Kinjo F, Saito A, Fukuhara H| title=Efficacy of ivermectin for chronic strongyloidiasis: two single doses given 2 weeks apart. | journal=J Infect Chemother | year= 2002 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 94-8 | pmid=11957127 | doi=10.1007/s101560200013 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11957127 }}</ref> | ||
*[[Albendazole]]<ref name="pmid84839922">{{cite journal| author=Archibald LK, Beeching NJ, Gill GV, Bailey JW, Bell DR| title=Albendazole is effective treatment for chronic strongyloidiasis. | journal=Q J Med | year= 1993 | volume= 86 | issue= 3 | pages= 191-5 | pmid=8483992 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8483992 }}</ref> | *[[Albendazole]]<ref name="pmid84839922">{{cite journal| author=Archibald LK, Beeching NJ, Gill GV, Bailey JW, Bell DR| title=Albendazole is effective treatment for chronic strongyloidiasis. | journal=Q J Med | year= 1993 | volume= 86 | issue= 3 | pages= 191-5 | pmid=8483992 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8483992 }}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Amoebiasis]] | ||
|''[[Entamoeba histolytica|E. Histolytica]]'' | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |''[[Entamoeba histolytica|E. Histolytica]]'' | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Transmitted by the fecal-oral route through contaminated drinking water or food. | *Transmitted by the fecal-oral route through contaminated drinking water or food. | ||
*Direct contact with infected individuals. | *Direct contact with infected individuals. | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Annual incidence of amoebiasis is approximately 50 million cases.<ref name="pmid17716437">{{cite journal| author=Valenzuela O, Morán P, Gómez A, Cordova K, Corrales N, Cardoza J et al.| title=Epidemiology of amoebic liver abscess in Mexico: the case of Sonora. | journal=Ann Trop Med Parasitol | year= 2007 | volume= 101 | issue= 6 | pages= 533-8 | pmid=17716437 | doi=10.1179/136485907X193851 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17716437 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17437396">{{cite journal| author=van Hal SJ, Stark DJ, Fotedar R, Marriott D, Ellis JT, Harkness JL| title=Amoebiasis: current status in Australia. | journal=Med J Aust | year= 2007 | volume= 186 | issue= 8 | pages= 412-6 | pmid=17437396 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17437396 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19540361">{{cite journal| author=Ximénez C, Morán P, Rojas L, Valadez A, Gómez A| title=Reassessment of the epidemiology of amebiasis: state of the art. | journal=Infect Genet Evol | year= 2009 | volume= 9 | issue= 6 | pages= 1023-32 | pmid=19540361 | doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2009.06.008 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19540361 }}</ref> | *Annual incidence of amoebiasis is approximately 50 million cases.<ref name="pmid17716437">{{cite journal| author=Valenzuela O, Morán P, Gómez A, Cordova K, Corrales N, Cardoza J et al.| title=Epidemiology of amoebic liver abscess in Mexico: the case of Sonora. | journal=Ann Trop Med Parasitol | year= 2007 | volume= 101 | issue= 6 | pages= 533-8 | pmid=17716437 | doi=10.1179/136485907X193851 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17716437 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17437396">{{cite journal| author=van Hal SJ, Stark DJ, Fotedar R, Marriott D, Ellis JT, Harkness JL| title=Amoebiasis: current status in Australia. | journal=Med J Aust | year= 2007 | volume= 186 | issue= 8 | pages= 412-6 | pmid=17437396 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17437396 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19540361">{{cite journal| author=Ximénez C, Morán P, Rojas L, Valadez A, Gómez A| title=Reassessment of the epidemiology of amebiasis: state of the art. | journal=Infect Genet Evol | year= 2009 | volume= 9 | issue= 6 | pages= 1023-32 | pmid=19540361 | doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2009.06.008 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19540361 }}</ref> | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*India | *India | ||
*Africa | *Africa | ||
*Mexico | *Mexico | ||
*Parts of Central and South America | *Parts of Central and South America | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Asymptomatic | *Asymptomatic | ||
*Mild [[diarrhea]] to severe [[dysentery]]. | *Mild [[diarrhea]] to severe [[dysentery]]. | ||
| Line 262: | Line 260: | ||
*[[Weight loss]] | *[[Weight loss]] | ||
*[[Amebic dysentery]] | *[[Amebic dysentery]] | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Stool microscopy | *Stool microscopy | ||
*Antigen testing | *Antigen testing | ||
*PCR | *PCR | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*[[Metronidazole]] | *[[Metronidazole]] | ||
*[[Tinidazole]] | *[[Tinidazole]] | ||
*[[Paromomycin]] | *[[Paromomycin]] | ||
*[[Diloxanide furoate]] | *[[Diloxanide furoate]] | ||
*[[Iodoquinol]] | *[[Iodoquinol]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Taeniasis | ! style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Taeniasis]] | ||
| | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + | | ||
''[[Taenia saginata]]'' (beef [[Tapeworms|tapeworm]])<br> | |||
''[[Taenia solium]]'', ( pork tapeworm)<ref name="pmid97985864">{{cite journal| author=Forrester JE, Bailar JC, Esrey SA, José MV, Castillejos BT, Ocampo G| title=Randomised trial of albendazole and pyrantel in symptomless trichuriasis in children. | journal=Lancet | year= 1998 | volume= 352 | issue= 9134 | pages= 1103-8 | pmid=9798586 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9798586 }}</ref> | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
| | |||
*Consumption of undercooked beef | *Consumption of undercooked beef | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Approximately 50 million human have cysticercosis. | *Approximately 50 million human have cysticercosis. | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Europe | *Europe | ||
*Parts of Asia | *Parts of Asia | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Most human carriers are asymptomatic. | *Most human carriers are asymptomatic. | ||
*Symptoms may include | *Symptoms may include | ||
| Line 292: | Line 288: | ||
*[[Anorexia]] | *[[Anorexia]] | ||
*[[Epigastric pain]] | *[[Epigastric pain]] | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Stool microscopy | *Stool microscopy | ||
*Peripheral [[eosinophilia]] | *Peripheral [[eosinophilia]] | ||
*ELISA | *ELISA | ||
*PCR | *PCR | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*[[Albendazole]] | *[[Albendazole]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Trichuriasis | ! style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Trichuriasis]] | ||
|''Trichuris trichiura'' | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |''Trichuris trichiura'' | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Ingestion of [[Fertilised|embryonated]]<nowiki/>eggs from contaminated drinking water and food. | *Ingestion of [[Fertilised|embryonated]]<nowiki/>eggs from contaminated drinking water and food. | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
| | * 600-800 million people are infected worldwide. | ||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | |||
*[[Endemic (epidemiology)|Endemic]] in [[Tropical disease|tropical]] and subtropical countries. | *[[Endemic (epidemiology)|Endemic]] in [[Tropical disease|tropical]] and subtropical countries. | ||
* Southern United States | * Southern United States | ||
| Line 314: | Line 310: | ||
**Latin America | **Latin America | ||
**Caribbean | **Caribbean | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Asymptomatic<ref name="pmid979858622">{{cite journal| author=Forrester JE, Bailar JC, Esrey SA, José MV, Castillejos BT, Ocampo G| title=Randomised trial of albendazole and pyrantel in symptomless trichuriasis in children. | journal=Lancet | year= 1998 | volume= 352 | issue= 9134 | pages= 1103-8 | pmid=9798586 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9798586 }}</ref> | *Asymptomatic<ref name="pmid979858622">{{cite journal| author=Forrester JE, Bailar JC, Esrey SA, José MV, Castillejos BT, Ocampo G| title=Randomised trial of albendazole and pyrantel in symptomless trichuriasis in children. | journal=Lancet | year= 1998 | volume= 352 | issue= 9134 | pages= 1103-8 | pmid=9798586 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9798586 }}</ref> | ||
*Loose stool which may contain [[mucus]] and [[blood]] | *Loose stool which may contain [[mucus]] and [[blood]] | ||
*Nocturnal stooling | *Nocturnal stooling | ||
*[[Rectal prolapse]] | *[[Rectal prolapse]] | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Stool microscopy | *Stool microscopy | ||
*[[Proctoscopy]] | *[[Proctoscopy]] | ||
**Demonstrates adult worms protruding from the bowel [[Mucous membrane|mucosa]]. | **Demonstrates adult worms protruding from the bowel [[Mucous membrane|mucosa]]. | ||
*[[Eosinophilia]] | *[[Eosinophilia]] | ||
*[[Polymerase chain reaction]] | *[[Polymerase chain reaction]] | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*[[Mebendazole]]<ref name="pmid63781092">{{cite journal| author=Rossignol JF, Maisonneuve H| title=Benzimidazoles in the treatment of trichuriasis: a review. | journal=Ann Trop Med Parasitol | year= 1984 | volume= 78 | issue= 2 | pages= 135-44 | pmid=6378109 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6378109 }}</ref> | *[[Mebendazole]]<ref name="pmid63781092">{{cite journal| author=Rossignol JF, Maisonneuve H| title=Benzimidazoles in the treatment of trichuriasis: a review. | journal=Ann Trop Med Parasitol | year= 1984 | volume= 78 | issue= 2 | pages= 135-44 | pmid=6378109 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6378109 }}</ref> | ||
**500 mg PO q24h X 3 day '''(or)''' | **500 mg PO q24h X 3 day '''(or)''' | ||
| Line 333: | Line 328: | ||
**400 mg POq24h | **400 mg POq24h | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Hymenolepiasis | ! style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |[[Hymenolepiasis]] | ||
|''Hymenolepis nana'' | | style="background:#DCDCDC;" align="center" + |''Hymenolepis nana'' | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Ingestion of infected eggs | *Ingestion of infected eggs | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
|Most common in temperate zones<ref name="pmid194568362">{{cite journal| author=Utzinger J, Botero-Kleiven S, Castelli F, Chiodini PL, Edwards H, Köhler N et al.| title=Microscopic diagnosis of sodium acetate-acetic acid-formalin-fixed stool samples for helminths and intestinal protozoa: a comparison among European reference laboratories. | journal=Clin Microbiol Infect | year= 2010 | volume= 16 | issue= 3 | pages= 267-73 | pmid=19456836 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02782.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19456836 }}</ref> | * 50-75 million carriers of ''H. nana.'' | ||
* 5 to 25% prevalence among children worldwide. | |||
| style="background:#F5F5F5;" + |Most common in temperate zones<ref name="pmid194568362">{{cite journal| author=Utzinger J, Botero-Kleiven S, Castelli F, Chiodini PL, Edwards H, Köhler N et al.| title=Microscopic diagnosis of sodium acetate-acetic acid-formalin-fixed stool samples for helminths and intestinal protozoa: a comparison among European reference laboratories. | journal=Clin Microbiol Infect | year= 2010 | volume= 16 | issue= 3 | pages= 267-73 | pmid=19456836 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02782.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19456836 }}</ref> | |||
*South Europe | *South Europe | ||
*Russia | *Russia | ||
*India | *India | ||
*US | *US | ||
*Latin America | *Latin America | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Asymptomatic<ref name="pmid265355132">{{cite journal| author=Muehlenbachs A, Bhatnagar J, Agudelo CA, Hidron A, Eberhard ML, Mathison BA et al.| title=Malignant Transformation of Hymenolepis nana in a Human Host. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 373 | issue= 19 | pages= 1845-52 | pmid=26535513 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1505892 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26535513 }}</ref> | *Asymptomatic<ref name="pmid265355132">{{cite journal| author=Muehlenbachs A, Bhatnagar J, Agudelo CA, Hidron A, Eberhard ML, Mathison BA et al.| title=Malignant Transformation of Hymenolepis nana in a Human Host. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 373 | issue= 19 | pages= 1845-52 | pmid=26535513 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1505892 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26535513 }}</ref> | ||
*Heavy infections with >1000 worms can occur | *Heavy infections with >1000 worms can occur | ||
| Line 352: | Line 349: | ||
**Fatigue | **Fatigue | ||
**Pruritus ani | **Pruritus ani | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*Stool microscopy | *Stool microscopy | ||
**FLOTAC method<ref name="pmid224610062">{{cite journal| author=Steinmann P, Cringoli G, Bruschi F, Matthys B, Lohourignon LK, Castagna B et al.| title=FLOTAC for the diagnosis of Hymenolepis spp. infection: proof-of-concept and comparing diagnostic accuracy with other methods. | journal=Parasitol Res | year= 2012 | volume= 111 | issue= 2 | pages= 749-54 | pmid=22461006 | doi=10.1007/s00436-012-2895-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22461006 }}</ref> | **FLOTAC method<ref name="pmid224610062">{{cite journal| author=Steinmann P, Cringoli G, Bruschi F, Matthys B, Lohourignon LK, Castagna B et al.| title=FLOTAC for the diagnosis of Hymenolepis spp. infection: proof-of-concept and comparing diagnostic accuracy with other methods. | journal=Parasitol Res | year= 2012 | volume= 111 | issue= 2 | pages= 749-54 | pmid=22461006 | doi=10.1007/s00436-012-2895-9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22461006 }}</ref> | ||
| | | style="background:#F5F5F5;" + | | ||
*[[Praziquantel]]<ref name="pmid236187732">{{cite journal| author=Ohnishi K, Sakamoto N, Kobayashi K, Iwabuchi S, Nakamura-Uchiyama F| title=Therapeutic effect of praziquantel against Taeniasis asiatica. | journal=Int J Infect Dis | year= 2013 | volume= 17 | issue= 8 | pages= e656-7 | pmid=23618773 | doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2013.02.028 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23618773 }}</ref> | *[[Praziquantel]]<ref name="pmid236187732">{{cite journal| author=Ohnishi K, Sakamoto N, Kobayashi K, Iwabuchi S, Nakamura-Uchiyama F| title=Therapeutic effect of praziquantel against Taeniasis asiatica. | journal=Int J Infect Dis | year= 2013 | volume= 17 | issue= 8 | pages= e656-7 | pmid=23618773 | doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2013.02.028 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23618773 }}</ref> | ||
*Prompt family screening or empiric treatment<ref name="pmid19805722">{{cite journal| author=Pawłowski ZS| title=Efficacy of low doses of praziquantel in taeniasis. | journal=Acta Trop | year= 1990 | volume= 48 | issue= 2 | pages= 83-8 | pmid=1980572 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1980572 }}</ref> | *Prompt family screening or empiric treatment<ref name="pmid19805722">{{cite journal| author=Pawłowski ZS| title=Efficacy of low doses of praziquantel in taeniasis. | journal=Acta Trop | year= 1990 | volume= 48 | issue= 2 | pages= 83-8 | pmid=1980572 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1980572 }}</ref> | ||
|} | |} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
Latest revision as of 16:44, 5 April 2018
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohammed Abdelwahed M.D[2] Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [3]
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Abdominal parasitic infection Main page |
Overview
An intestinal parasite infection is a condition in which a parasite infects the gastro-intestinal tract of humans and other animals. Mode of transmission of infection can be due to ingestion of undercooked meat, drinking infected water, fecal-oral transmission and skin absorption. There are many types of parasites that can cause abdomial infections but the most common parasites responsible for infection include Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus, Fasciola, Schistosoma, Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis, Taenia, Hymenolepis nana, and Entamoeba histolytica. Common symptoms of abdominal parasitic infections include are abdominal discomfort, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Stool microscopy is the most common diagnostic tool for evaluation. Common complications include focal neurologic changes, pericarditis, arrhythmia, and right-sided pleural effusion. Serology is used as screening mainly because of low sensitivity. albendazole is the drug of choice for treatment of most parasitic infections.
Causes
- Ascaris lumbricoides
- Necator americanus
- Ancylostoma duodenale
- Fasciola
- Schistosoma (S. mansoni, S. haematobium, S. japonicum)
- Trichuris trichiura
- Strongyloides stercoralis
- Taenia (solium, saginatum)
- Hymenolepis nana
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Giardia lamblia
- Entamoeba dispar
- Entamoeba moshkowskii
- Entamoeba coli
- Entamoeba hartmanii
- Endolimax nana
- Iodamoeba butschlii
- Chilomastix mesnili
- Blastocystis hominis
Abdominal Parasitic infections
The following table summarizes all the abdominal parasitic infections.
| Parasitic Infection | Mode of infection | Incidence | Epidemiology | Clinical manifestations | Diagnosis | Treatment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disease | Parasite | Geographic distrubution | |||||
| Ascariasis | Ascaris lumbricoides |
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| Necatoriasis | Necator americanus |
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| Giardiasis | Giardia lamblia |
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| Fasciolosis | Fasciola Hepaticum |
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| Schistosomiasis |
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Sub-Saharan Africa[19] | Acute schistosomiasis syndrome [20] |
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| Strongyloidiasis | Strongyloidis Stercoralis |
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| Amoebiasis | E. Histolytica |
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| Taeniasis |
Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) |
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| Trichuriasis | Trichuris trichiura |
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| Hymenolepiasis | Hymenolepis nana |
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Most common in temperate zones[41]
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References
- ↑ Permin A, Henningsen E, Murrell KD, Roepstorff A, Nansen P (2000). "Pigs become infected after ingestion of livers and lungs from chickens infected with Ascaris of pig origin". Int J Parasitol. 30 (7): 867–8. PMID 10899534.
- ↑ Betson M, Nejsum P, Bendall RP, Deb RM, Stothard JR (2014). "Molecular epidemiology of ascariasis: a global perspective on the transmission dynamics of Ascaris in people and pigs". J Infect Dis. 210 (6): 932–41. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu193. PMC 4136802. PMID 24688073.
- ↑ Bradbury RS, Hii SF, Harrington H, Speare R, Traub R (2017). "Ancylostoma ceylanicum Hookworm in the Solomon Islands". Emerg Infect Dis. 23 (2): 252–257. doi:10.3201/eid2302.160822. PMC 5324822. PMID 28098526.
- ↑ Nawalinski TA, Schad GA (1974). "Arrested development in Ancylostoma duodenale: course of a self-induced infection in man". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 23 (5): 895–8. PMID 4451228.
- ↑ Chhabra P, Bhasin DK (2017). "Hookworm-Induced Obscure Overt Gastrointestinal Bleeding". Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 15 (11): e161–e162. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2017.02.034. PMID 28300694.
- ↑ McKenna ML, McAtee S, Bryan PE, Jeun R, Ward T, Kraus J; et al. (2017). "Human Intestinal Parasite Burden and Poor Sanitation in Rural Alabama". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 97 (5): 1623–1628. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0396. PMID 29016326.
- ↑ Genta RM, Woods KL (1991). "Endoscopic diagnosis of hookworm infection". Gastrointest Endosc. 37 (4): 476–8. PMID 1916173.
- ↑ Serre-Delcor N, Treviño B, Monge B, Salvador F, Torrus D, Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez B; et al. (2017). "Eosinophilia prevalence and related factors in travel and immigrants of the network +REDIVI". Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 35 (10): 617–623. doi:10.1016/j.eimc.2016.02.024. PMID 27032297.
- ↑ Quick R, Paugh K, Addiss D, Kobayashi J, Baron R (1992). "Restaurant-associated outbreak of giardiasis". J Infect Dis. 166 (3): 673–6. PMID 1500757.
- ↑ Muhsen K, Levine MM (2012). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between Giardia lamblia and endemic pediatric diarrhea in developing countries". Clin Infect Dis. 55 Suppl 4: S271–93. doi:10.1093/cid/cis762. PMC 3502312. PMID 23169940.
- ↑ Pickering LK, Woodward WE, DuPont HL, Sullivan P (1984). "Occurrence of Giardia lamblia in children in day care centers". J Pediatr. 104 (4): 522–6. PMID 6707812.
- ↑ Lengerich EJ, Addiss DG, Juranek DD (1994). "Severe giardiasis in the United States". Clin Infect Dis. 18 (5): 760–3. PMID 8075266.
- ↑ Claas EC, Burnham CA, Mazzulli T, Templeton K, Topin F (2013). "Performance of the xTAG® gastrointestinal pathogen panel, a multiplex molecular assay for simultaneous detection of bacterial, viral, and parasitic causes of infectious gastroenteritis". J Microbiol Biotechnol. 23 (7): 1041–5. PMID 23711521.
- ↑ Fung HB, Doan TL (2005). "Tinidazole: a nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent". Clin Ther. 27 (12): 1859–84. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2005.12.012. PMID 16507373.
- ↑ Chan CW, Lam SK (1987). "Diseases caused by liver flukes and cholangiocarcinoma". Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol. 1 (2): 297–318. PMID 2822181.
- ↑ Marcos LA, Terashima A, Gotuzzo E (2008). "Update on hepatobiliary flukes: fascioliasis, opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis". Curr Opin Infect Dis. 21 (5): 523–30. doi:10.1097/QCO.0b013e32830f9818. PMID 18725803.
- ↑ Prociv P, Walker JC, Whitby M (1992). "Human ectopic fascioliasis in Australia: first case reports". Med J Aust. 156 (5): 349–51. PMID 1588869.
- ↑ Kaya M, Beştaş R, Cetin S (2011). "Clinical presentation and management of Fasciola hepatica infection: single-center experience". World J Gastroenterol. 17 (44): 4899–904. doi:10.3748/wjg.v17.i44.4899. PMC 3235633. PMID 22171131.
- ↑ Gower CM, Gouvras AN, Lamberton PH, Deol A, Shrivastava J, Mutombo PN; et al. (2013). "Population genetic structure of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium from across six sub-Saharan African countries: implications for epidemiology, evolution and control". Acta Trop. 128 (2): 261–74. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.09.014. PMID 23041540.
- ↑ Jauréguiberry S, Ansart S, Perez L, Danis M, Bricaire F, Caumes E (2007). "Acute neuroschistosomiasis: two cases associated with cerebral vasculitis". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 76 (5): 964–6. PMID 17488923.
- ↑ Rocha MO, Rocha RL, Pedroso ER, Greco DB, Ferreira CS, Lambertucci JR; et al. (1995). "Pulmonary manifestations in the initial phase of schistosomiasis mansoni". Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 37 (4): 311–8. PMID 8599059.
- ↑ Lucey DR, Maguire JH (1993). "Schistosomiasis". Infect Dis Clin North Am. 7 (3): 635–53. PMID 8254164.
- ↑ Stothard JR, Sousa-Figueiredo JC, Betson M, Bustinduy A, Reinhard-Rupp J (2013). "Schistosomiasis in African infants and preschool children: let them now be treated!". Trends Parasitol. 29 (4): 197–205. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2013.02.001. PMC 3878762. PMID 23465781.
- ↑ Gabbi C, Bertolotti M, Iori R, Rivasi F, Stanzani C, Maurantonio M; et al. (2006). "Acute abdomen associated with schistosomiasis of the appendix". Dig Dis Sci. 51 (1): 215–7. doi:10.1007/s10620-006-3111-5. PMID 16416239.
- ↑ Mu A, Fernandes I, Phillips D (2016). "A 57-Year-Old Woman With a Cecal Mass". Clin Infect Dis. 63 (5): 703–5. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw413. PMID 27521443.
- ↑ Homeida M, Abdel-Gadir AF, Cheever AW, Bennett JL, Arbab BM, Ibrahium SZ; et al. (1988). "Diagnosis of pathologically confirmed Symmers' periportal fibrosis by ultrasonography: a prospective blinded study". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 38 (1): 86–91. PMID 3124648.
- ↑ Dessein AJ, Hillaire D, Elwali NE, Marquet S, Mohamed-Ali Q, Mirghani A; et al. (1999). "Severe hepatic fibrosis in Schistosoma mansoni infection is controlled by a major locus that is closely linked to the interferon-gamma receptor gene". Am J Hum Genet. 65 (3): 709–21. doi:10.1086/302526. PMC 1377977. PMID 10441577.
- ↑ Sarwat AK, Tag el Din MA, Bassiouni M, Ashmawi SS (1986). "Schistosomiasis of the lung". J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 16 (1): 359–66. PMID 3722898.
- ↑ Mahmoud AA (1982). "The ecology of eosinophils in schistosomiasis". J Infect Dis. 145 (5): 613–22. PMID 7042854.
- ↑ Cioli D, Pica-Mattoccia L, Basso A, Guidi A (2014). "Schistosomiasis control: praziquantel forever?". Mol Biochem Parasitol. 195 (1): 23–9. doi:10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.06.002. PMID 24955523.
- ↑ Carroll SM, Karthigasu KT, Grove DI (1981). "Serodiagnosis of human strongyloidiasis by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay". Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 75 (5): 706–9. PMID 7036430.
- ↑ Zaha O, Hirata T, Kinjo F, Saito A, Fukuhara H (2002). "Efficacy of ivermectin for chronic strongyloidiasis: two single doses given 2 weeks apart". J Infect Chemother. 8 (1): 94–8. doi:10.1007/s101560200013. PMID 11957127.
- ↑ Archibald LK, Beeching NJ, Gill GV, Bailey JW, Bell DR (1993). "Albendazole is effective treatment for chronic strongyloidiasis". Q J Med. 86 (3): 191–5. PMID 8483992.
- ↑ Valenzuela O, Morán P, Gómez A, Cordova K, Corrales N, Cardoza J; et al. (2007). "Epidemiology of amoebic liver abscess in Mexico: the case of Sonora". Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 101 (6): 533–8. doi:10.1179/136485907X193851. PMID 17716437.
- ↑ van Hal SJ, Stark DJ, Fotedar R, Marriott D, Ellis JT, Harkness JL (2007). "Amoebiasis: current status in Australia". Med J Aust. 186 (8): 412–6. PMID 17437396.
- ↑ Ximénez C, Morán P, Rojas L, Valadez A, Gómez A (2009). "Reassessment of the epidemiology of amebiasis: state of the art". Infect Genet Evol. 9 (6): 1023–32. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2009.06.008. PMID 19540361.
- ↑ Forrester JE, Bailar JC, Esrey SA, José MV, Castillejos BT, Ocampo G (1998). "Randomised trial of albendazole and pyrantel in symptomless trichuriasis in children". Lancet. 352 (9134): 1103–8. PMID 9798586.
- ↑ Forrester JE, Bailar JC, Esrey SA, José MV, Castillejos BT, Ocampo G (1998). "Randomised trial of albendazole and pyrantel in symptomless trichuriasis in children". Lancet. 352 (9134): 1103–8. PMID 9798586.
- ↑ Rossignol JF, Maisonneuve H (1984). "Benzimidazoles in the treatment of trichuriasis: a review". Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 78 (2): 135–44. PMID 6378109.
- ↑ Steinmann P, Utzinger J, Du ZW, Jiang JY, Chen JX, Hattendorf J; et al. (2011). "Efficacy of single-dose and triple-dose albendazole and mebendazole against soil-transmitted helminths and Taenia spp.: a randomized controlled trial". PLoS One. 6 (9): e25003. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025003. PMC 3181256. PMID 21980373.
- ↑ Utzinger J, Botero-Kleiven S, Castelli F, Chiodini PL, Edwards H, Köhler N; et al. (2010). "Microscopic diagnosis of sodium acetate-acetic acid-formalin-fixed stool samples for helminths and intestinal protozoa: a comparison among European reference laboratories". Clin Microbiol Infect. 16 (3): 267–73. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02782.x. PMID 19456836.
- ↑ Muehlenbachs A, Bhatnagar J, Agudelo CA, Hidron A, Eberhard ML, Mathison BA; et al. (2015). "Malignant Transformation of Hymenolepis nana in a Human Host". N Engl J Med. 373 (19): 1845–52. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1505892. PMID 26535513.
- ↑ Steinmann P, Cringoli G, Bruschi F, Matthys B, Lohourignon LK, Castagna B; et al. (2012). "FLOTAC for the diagnosis of Hymenolepis spp. infection: proof-of-concept and comparing diagnostic accuracy with other methods". Parasitol Res. 111 (2): 749–54. doi:10.1007/s00436-012-2895-9. PMID 22461006.
- ↑ Ohnishi K, Sakamoto N, Kobayashi K, Iwabuchi S, Nakamura-Uchiyama F (2013). "Therapeutic effect of praziquantel against Taeniasis asiatica". Int J Infect Dis. 17 (8): e656–7. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2013.02.028. PMID 23618773.
- ↑ Pawłowski ZS (1990). "Efficacy of low doses of praziquantel in taeniasis". Acta Trop. 48 (2): 83–8. PMID 1980572.