Mastoiditis causes
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Mastoiditis Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
The most common bacteria that cause acute mastoiditis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus[1]. Staphylococci, Pseudomonas species and polymicrobials present predominantly seen in non-acute mastoiditis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa may be find in children with acute mastoiditis as a consequence of recurrent acute otitis media and antibiotic use[2]
Causes
Common Causes
Mastoiditis is caused by untreated acute otitis media (middle ear infection).Therefore the bacterial pathogens that cause mastoiditis are similar to the pathogens that causing infectious otitis media. Most common causes are [3][4][5]
- Streptococcus pneumonia,
- Streptococcus pyogenes,
- Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant S. aureus),
Rare causes
Bacterial
- Haemophilus influenzae is rare in mastoiditis of childhood despite being the second most frequent cause of acute otitis media[6].
Non-bacterial
Causes by Organ System
| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1" | style="width:25%" bgcolor="lightsteelblue" ; border="1" |Cardiovascular | style="width:75%" bgcolor="beige" ; border="1" | No underlying causes |- | bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Chemical/Poisoning | bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Dental | bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Dermatologic | bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Drug Side Effect | bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Ear Nose Throat | bgcolor="beige" | Cholesteatoma, cochlear implant infections |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Endocrine | bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Environmental | bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Gastroenterologic | bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Genetic | bgcolor="beige" | Neutrophil-specific granule deficiency, Nijmegen breakage syndrome |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Hematologic | bgcolor="beige" |Histiocytosis X |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Iatrogenic | bgcolor="beige" |Cochlear implant infections |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Infectious Disease | bgcolor="beige" | Anaerobic bacteria, bacteroides, blastomycosis, enterobacteriaceae, fusobacterium, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, MRSA, mycobacterium bovis, mycobacterium tuberculosis, pasteurella multocida, peptostreptococcus, porphyromonas, prevotella, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, stenotrophomonas maltophilia, streptococcus Group A, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Neurologic | bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Nutritional/Metabolic | bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Obstetric/Gynecologic | bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Oncologic | bgcolor="beige" |Histiocytosis X |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Ophthalmologic | bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Overdose/Toxicity | bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Psychiatric | bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Pulmonary | bgcolor="beige" |Mycobacterium tuberculosis |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Renal/Electrolyte | bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | bgcolor="beige" |Histiocytosis X |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Sexual | bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Trauma | bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Urologic | bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes |- |- bgcolor="lightsteelblue" | Miscellaneous | bgcolor="beige" | No underlying causes |- |}
Causes in Alphabetical Order
References
- ↑ Geva A, Oestreicher-Kedem Y, Fishman G, Landsberg R, DeRowe A (2008). "Conservative management of acute mastoiditis in children". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 72 (5): 629–34. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.01.013. PMID 18304656.
- ↑ Chien JH, Chen YS, Hung IF, Hsieh KS, Wu KS, Cheng MF (2012). "Mastoiditis diagnosed by clinical symptoms and imaging studies in children: disease spectrum and evolving diagnostic challenges". J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 45 (5): 377–81. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2011.12.008. PMID 22578647.
- ↑ Geva A, Oestreicher-Kedem Y, Fishman G, Landsberg R, DeRowe A (2008). "Conservative management of acute mastoiditis in children". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 72 (5): 629–34. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.01.013. PMID 18304656.
- ↑ Chien JH, Chen YS, Hung IF, Hsieh KS, Wu KS, Cheng MF (2012). "Mastoiditis diagnosed by clinical symptoms and imaging studies in children: disease spectrum and evolving diagnostic challenges". J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 45 (5): 377–81. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2011.12.008. PMID 22578647.
- ↑ Groth A, Enoksson F, Hultcrantz M, Stalfors J, Stenfeldt K, Hermansson A (2012). "Acute mastoiditis in children aged 0-16 years--a national study of 678 cases in Sweden comparing different age groups". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 76 (10): 1494–500. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.07.002. PMID 22832239.
- ↑ Benito MB, Gorricho BP (2007). "Acute mastoiditis: increase in the incidence and complications". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 71 (7): 1007–11. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2007.02.014. PMID 17493691.
- ↑ Bozdemir K, Tarlak B, Cakar H, Doblan A, Kutluhan A, Dilek I, Adıyaman Süngü N (2013). "Langerhans cell histiocytosis in bilateral mastoid cavity". Case Rep Otolaryngol. 2013: 957926. doi:10.1155/2013/957926. PMC 3691895. PMID 23841005.
- ↑ McCarrick H (1969). "Royal occasion at Nocton Hall". Nurs Times. 65 (44): 1389. PMID 5346614.