Monkeypox laboratory tests: Difference between revisions
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===Molecular Methods=== | ===Molecular Methods=== | ||
====Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)==== | *====Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)==== | ||
*Confirmation of monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection is based on nucleic acid amplification testing, using real-time or conventional PCR, for detection of unique sequences of viral DNA. PCR can be used alone, or in combination with sequencing. | *Confirmation of monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection is based on nucleic acid amplification testing, using real-time or conventional PCR, for detection of unique sequences of viral DNA. PCR can be used alone, or in combination with sequencing. | ||
Revision as of 15:21, 15 June 2022
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Monkeypox Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Monkeypox laboratory tests On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Monkeypox laboratory tests |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Monkeypox laboratory tests |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Bassel Almarie, M.D.
Overview
The laboratory findings of chickenpox include blood tests that can be done to identify the response to acute infection (IgM) or previous infection and subsequent immunity (IgG). Prenatal diagnosis of fetal varicella infection can be performed using ultrasound at 5 weeks following primary maternal infection. A PCR test of the mother's amniotic fluid can also be performed, though the risk of spontaneous abortion due to the amniocentesis procedure is higher than the risk of the baby developing fetal varicella syndrome.
Laboratory Findings
Molecular Methods
- ====Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)====
- Confirmation of monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection is based on nucleic acid amplification testing, using real-time or conventional PCR, for detection of unique sequences of viral DNA. PCR can be used alone, or in combination with sequencing.
- PCR kits detecting MPXV are under development but no commercial validated PCR kits are currently available widely.
DNA extraction
- DNA can be extracted from samples using any standard extraction protocols or kits.
- Sample lysis in DNA extraction inactivates live virus. Therefore, sample lysis should be performed under a biosafety cabinet.
- For crust samples, DNA extraction kit for tissue samples should be used to insure appropriate sample lysis.
Molecular detection
- Viral detection is done by finding VZV in a blood, vesicle fluid, or tissue sample. Detection is done by culturing the virus or by detecting its genetic material (VZV DNA).
VZV DNA testing
- VZV DNA testing is sensitive and measures viral load.
Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA)
- DFA test detects the presence of VZV in the cells in the skin lesion using a labeled antibody. It is rapid but less specific and sensitive than DNA testing.
VZV culture
- Culture is not very reliable for VZV and can lead to false-negative results.
Microscopic Findings
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![Photomicrograph reveals the intranuclear inclusions produced by varicella virus grown in a tissue culture (500x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/images/1/18/Chickenpox37.jpeg)
Photomicrograph reveals the intranuclear inclusions produced by varicella virus grown in a tissue culture (500x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]
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![Cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes which you’d find in a human skin tissue specimen that included a chickenpox (125x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/images/2/2d/Chickenpox14.jpeg)
Cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes which you’d find in a human skin tissue specimen that included a chickenpox (125x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]
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![Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E)-stained photomicrograph reveals some of the cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes which you’d find in a human skin tissue specimen that included a chickenpox, or varicella zoster virus lesion (125x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/images/b/b6/Chickenpox13.jpeg)
Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E)-stained photomicrograph reveals some of the cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes which you’d find in a human skin tissue specimen that included a chickenpox, or varicella zoster virus lesion (125x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]
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![Photomicrograph reveals some of the cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes which you’d find in a human skin tissue specimen that included a chickenpox, or varicella zoster virus lesion (500x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/images/3/38/Chickenpox12.jpeg)
Photomicrograph reveals some of the cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes which you’d find in a human skin tissue specimen that included a chickenpox, or varicella zoster virus lesion (500x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]
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![Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E)-stained photomicrograph reveals some of the cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes which you’d find in a human skin tissue specimen that included a chickenpox, or varicella zoster virus lesion (50x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/images/a/a8/Chickenpox11.jpeg)
Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E)-stained photomicrograph reveals some of the cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes which you’d find in a human skin tissue specimen that included a chickenpox, or varicella zoster virus lesion (50x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]
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![Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E)-stained photomicrograph reveals some of the cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes which you’d find in a human skin tissue specimen that included a chickenpox, or varicella zoster virus lesion (50x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/images/e/eb/Chickenpox10.jpeg)
Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E)-stained photomicrograph reveals some of the cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes which you’d find in a human skin tissue specimen that included a chickenpox, or varicella zoster virus lesion (50x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]
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![Photomicrograph reveals some of the cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes which you’d find in a human skin tissue specimen that included a chickenpox, or varicella zoster virus lesion (500x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/images/8/81/Chickenpox09.jpeg)
Photomicrograph reveals some of the cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes which you’d find in a human skin tissue specimen that included a chickenpox, or varicella zoster virus lesion (500x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]
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![Photomicrograph reveals some of the cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes which you’d find in a human skin tissue specimen that included a chickenpox, or varicella zoster virus lesion (1200x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/images/6/63/Chickenpox08.jpeg)
Photomicrograph reveals some of the cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes which you’d find in a human skin tissue specimen that included a chickenpox, or varicella zoster virus lesion (1200x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]
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![Photomicrograph reveals some of the cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes which you’d find in a human skin tissue specimen that included a chickenpox, or varicella zoster virus lesion (1200x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/images/5/5b/Chickenpox07.jpeg)
Photomicrograph reveals some of the cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes which you’d find in a human skin tissue specimen that included a chickenpox, or varicella zoster virus lesion (1200x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]
![Photomicrograph reveals the intranuclear inclusions produced by varicella virus grown in a tissue culture (500x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/index.php/File:Chickenpox37.jpeg)
![Cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes which you’d find in a human skin tissue specimen that included a chickenpox (125x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/index.php/File:Chickenpox14.jpeg)
![Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E)-stained photomicrograph reveals some of the cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes which you’d find in a human skin tissue specimen that included a chickenpox, or varicella zoster virus lesion (125x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/index.php/File:Chickenpox13.jpeg)
![Photomicrograph reveals some of the cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes which you’d find in a human skin tissue specimen that included a chickenpox, or varicella zoster virus lesion (500x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/index.php/File:Chickenpox12.jpeg)
![Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E)-stained photomicrograph reveals some of the cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes which you’d find in a human skin tissue specimen that included a chickenpox, or varicella zoster virus lesion (50x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/index.php/File:Chickenpox11.jpeg)
![Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E)-stained photomicrograph reveals some of the cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes which you’d find in a human skin tissue specimen that included a chickenpox, or varicella zoster virus lesion (50x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/index.php/File:Chickenpox10.jpeg)
![Photomicrograph reveals some of the cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes which you’d find in a human skin tissue specimen that included a chickenpox, or varicella zoster virus lesion (500x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/index.php/File:Chickenpox09.jpeg)
![Photomicrograph reveals some of the cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes which you’d find in a human skin tissue specimen that included a chickenpox, or varicella zoster virus lesion (1200x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/index.php/File:Chickenpox08.jpeg)
![Photomicrograph reveals some of the cytoarchitectural histopathologic changes which you’d find in a human skin tissue specimen that included a chickenpox, or varicella zoster virus lesion (1200x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [1]](/index.php/File:Chickenpox07.jpeg)