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❑ Chocking <br>
❑ Chocking <br>
❑ Hanging <br>
❑ Hanging <br>
❑ [[Hypothermia]]<br>|G02=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 12em; padding:1em;"> '''Hypoventilation:''': <br> ❑'''Upper airway obstruction:''' <ref name="pmid29261942">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gossman WG, Burns B |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=29261942 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14620600">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zoorob RJ, Campbell JS |title=Acute dyspnea in the office |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=68 |issue=9 |pages=1803–10 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14620600 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
❑ [[Hypothermia]]<br>|G02=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 12em; padding:1em;"> '''Hypoventilation:''': <br>'''Upper airway obstruction:''' <ref name="pmid29261942">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gossman WG, Burns B |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=29261942 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14620600">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zoorob RJ, Campbell JS |title=Acute dyspnea in the office |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=68 |issue=9 |pages=1803–10 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14620600 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
:❑[[Foreign body aspiration]] <br>
❑[[Foreign body aspiration]] <br>
:❑[[Pertussis]] / [[Croup]] <br>
❑[[Pertussis]] / [[Croup]] <br>
:❑[[Epiglottitis]] <br>
❑[[Epiglottitis]] <br>
:❑[[Tracheitis|Bacterial tracheitis]] <br>
❑[[Tracheitis|Bacterial tracheitis]] <br>
:❑Traumatic disruption (thermal injury, fractures) <br>
❑Traumatic disruption (thermal injury, fractures) <br>
:❑ [[Acute chest syndrome]] <ref name="pmid29279787">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jain S, Bakshi N, Krishnamurti L |title=Acute Chest Syndrome in Children with Sickle Cell Disease |journal=Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=191–201 |date=December 2017 |pmid=29279787 |pmc=5733742 |doi=10.1089/ped.2017.0814 |url=}}</ref>
❑ [[Acute chest syndrome]] <ref name="pmid29279787">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jain S, Bakshi N, Krishnamurti L |title=Acute Chest Syndrome in Children with Sickle Cell Disease |journal=Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=191–201 |date=December 2017 |pmid=29279787 |pmc=5733742 |doi=10.1089/ped.2017.0814 |url=}}</ref>
:❑ Congenital airway abnormalities: <br>
❑ Congenital airway abnormalities: <br>
::❑ [[Choanal atresia]] <br>
:❑ [[Choanal atresia]] <br>
::❑ [[Laryngotracheomalacia]]  <br>
:❑ [[Laryngotracheomalacia]]  <br>
::❑ [[Macroglossia]]  <br>
:❑ [[Macroglossia]]  <br>
::❑ [[Micrognathia]] or [[Retrognathism|retrognathia]] (eg, Pierre-Robin syndrome)  <br>
:❑ [[Micrognathia]] or [[Retrognathism|retrognathia]] (eg, Pierre-Robin syndrome)  <br>
❑ '''Neurologic abnormalities:'''<ref name="pmid28722923">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kondamudi NP, Dulebohn SC |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28722923 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28722998">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kondamudi NP, Wilt AS |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28722998 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28722938">{{cite journal |vauthors=Memon J, Manganaro SN |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28722938 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
'''Neurologic abnormalities:'''<ref name="pmid28722923">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kondamudi NP, Dulebohn SC |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28722923 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28722998">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kondamudi NP, Wilt AS |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28722998 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28722938">{{cite journal |vauthors=Memon J, Manganaro SN |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28722938 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
:❑ [[CNS depression]]  <br>
❑ [[CNS depression]]  <br>
:❑ [[Birth asphyxia]]  <br>
❑ [[Birth asphyxia]]  <br>
:❑ Severe head trauma  <br>
❑ Severe head trauma  <br>
:❑ [[Apnea of prematurity]]  <br>
❑ [[Apnea of prematurity]]  <br>
:❑ [[Obstructive sleep apnea]]   <br>
❑ [[Obstructive sleep apnea]]   <br>
:❑ Infections (eg, [[meningitis]], [[encephalitis]])  <br>
❑ Infections (eg, [[meningitis]], [[encephalitis]])  <br>
:❑ [[Intraventricular hemorrhage]]  <br>
❑ [[Intraventricular hemorrhage]]  <br>
:❑ [[Seizure|Seizures]]  <br>
❑ [[Seizure|Seizures]]  <br>
:❑ Cyanotic breath holding spells<ref name="pmid28555179">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bergeron M, Cohen AP, Cotton RT |title=The Management of Cyanotic Spells in Children with Oesophageal Atresia |journal=Front Pediatr |volume=5 |issue= |pages=106 |date= 2017 |pmid=28555179 |pmc=5430373 |doi=10.3389/fped.2017.00106 |url=}}</ref>
❑ Cyanotic breath holding spells<ref name="pmid28555179">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bergeron M, Cohen AP, Cotton RT |title=The Management of Cyanotic Spells in Children with Oesophageal Atresia |journal=Front Pediatr |volume=5 |issue= |pages=106 |date= 2017 |pmid=28555179 |pmc=5430373 |doi=10.3389/fped.2017.00106 |url=}}</ref>
:❑ [[Coma]]  <br>
❑ [[Coma]]  <br>
❑ '''Neuromuscular disorders:'''  <br>
'''Neuromuscular disorders:'''  <br>
:❑ [[Myasthenia gravis]]  <br>
❑ [[Myasthenia gravis]]  <br>
:❑ Injury to the phrenic nerve  <br>
❑ Injury to the phrenic nerve  <br>
:❑ Type 1 spinal muscular dystrophy (Wernig-Hoffman disease)|G03=|G04=|Go5=|D02=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 12em; padding:1em;"> '''Causes:''' <ref name="pmid27899893">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fardoun MM, Nassif J, Issa K, Baydoun E, Eid AH |title=Raynaud's Phenomenon: A Brief Review of the Underlying Mechanisms |journal=Front Pharmacol |volume=7 |issue= |pages=438 |date= 2016 |pmid=27899893 |pmc=5110514 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2016.00438 |url= |author=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24249890">{{cite journal |vauthors=Das S, Maiti A |title=Acrocyanosis: an overview |journal=Indian J Dermatol |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=417–20 |date=November 2013 |pmid=24249890 |pmc=3827510 |doi=10.4103/0019-5154.119946 |url= |author=}}</ref> <br>
❑ Type 1 spinal muscular dystrophy (Wernig-Hoffman disease)|G03=|G04=|Go5=|D02=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 12em; padding:1em;"> '''Causes:''' <ref name="pmid27899893">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fardoun MM, Nassif J, Issa K, Baydoun E, Eid AH |title=Raynaud's Phenomenon: A Brief Review of the Underlying Mechanisms |journal=Front Pharmacol |volume=7 |issue= |pages=438 |date= 2016 |pmid=27899893 |pmc=5110514 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2016.00438 |url= |author=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24249890">{{cite journal |vauthors=Das S, Maiti A |title=Acrocyanosis: an overview |journal=Indian J Dermatol |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=417–20 |date=November 2013 |pmid=24249890 |pmc=3827510 |doi=10.4103/0019-5154.119946 |url= |author=}}</ref> <br>
❑ [[Hypothermia|Cold exposure]]  <br>
❑ [[Hypothermia|Cold exposure]]  <br>
❑ [[Acrocyanosis]]  <br>
❑ [[Acrocyanosis]]  <br>

Revision as of 00:08, 5 August 2020

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cyanosis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Central cyanosis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Peripheral cyanosis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Miscellaneous:

❑ Drugs and chemicals: [1][2]

❑ Beta blockers
❑ Nitrite or nitrate-containing compounds (eg, nitroglycerin)
❑ Dapsone
❑ Sulfonamides
❑ Benzocaine
❑ Chloroquine
❑ Heroin

❑ Venomous snakebites [3] ❑ Brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE) [4]
❑ High altitude [5]
❑ Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
❑ Cirrhosis of liver
❑ Drowning
❑ Chocking
❑ Hanging

❑ Hypothermia
 
 
Hypoventilation::
Upper airway obstruction: [6][7]

❑Foreign body aspiration
❑Pertussis / Croup
❑Epiglottitis
❑Bacterial tracheitis
❑Traumatic disruption (thermal injury, fractures)
❑ Acute chest syndrome [8] ❑ Congenital airway abnormalities:

❑ Choanal atresia
❑ Laryngotracheomalacia
❑ Macroglossia
❑ Micrognathia or retrognathia (eg, Pierre-Robin syndrome)

Neurologic abnormalities:[9][10][11] ❑ CNS depression
❑ Birth asphyxia
❑ Severe head trauma
❑ Apnea of prematurity
❑ Obstructive sleep apnea
❑ Infections (eg, meningitis, encephalitis)
❑ Intraventricular hemorrhage
❑ Seizures
❑ Cyanotic breath holding spells[12] ❑ Coma
Neuromuscular disorders:
❑ Myasthenia gravis
❑ Injury to the phrenic nerve

❑ Type 1 spinal muscular dystrophy (Wernig-Hoffman disease)
 
 
 
 
{{{ G05 }}}
 
{{{ G06 }}}
 
{{{ G07 }}}
 
 
 
Causes: [13][14]

❑ Cold exposure
❑ Acrocyanosis
❑ Erythrocyanosis
❑ Raynaud's phenomenon
❑ Raynaud's disease
❑ Arterial obstruction:

❑ Peripheral vascular disease
❑ Buergers disease

❑ Venous obstruction:

❑ Thromboembolism
❑ Deep vein thrombosis
❑ Superior vena cava syndrome

❑ Decreased cardiac output:

❑ Left sided heart failure
❑ Shock
❑ Hypovolemia
❑ Redistribution of blood flow from extremities
 
 
 
 
 
Pseudocyanosis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Metals
 
 
 
 
Extensive tattoos
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Drugs
 
 
 
 
Pigmentary lesions
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Consumption of dyed food
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

References

  1. ↑ Günal E, Akkuş Y, Çığşar G, Çiftçi H, Kahramanca Ş, Özdemir M (October 2017). "Methemoglobinemia incidence after the application of lidocaine for small surgical procedures". Agri. 29 (4): 173–176. PMID 29171648.
  2. ↑ Hilbert P, Zur Nieden K (September 2004). "[Suicidal fatal beta-blocker intoxication]". Anaesthesist (in German). 53 (9): 826–9. doi:10.1007/s00101-004-0721-1. PMID 15249969.
  3. ↑ Hifumi T, Sakai A, Kondo Y, Yamamoto A, Morine N, Ato M, Shibayama K, Umezawa K, Kiriu N, Kato H, Koido Y, Inoue J, Kawakita K, Kuroda Y (2015). "Venomous snake bites: clinical diagnosis and treatment". J Intensive Care. 3 (1): 16. doi:10.1186/s40560-015-0081-8. PMC 4393627. PMID 25866646.
  4. ↑ Kondamudi NP, Virji M. PMID 28722926. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ↑ Jensen JD, Vincent AL. PMID 28613569. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. ↑ Gossman WG, Burns B. PMID 29261942. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ↑ Zoorob RJ, Campbell JS (November 2003). "Acute dyspnea in the office". Am Fam Physician. 68 (9): 1803–10. PMID 14620600.
  8. ↑ Jain S, Bakshi N, Krishnamurti L (December 2017). "Acute Chest Syndrome in Children with Sickle Cell Disease". Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol. 30 (4): 191–201. doi:10.1089/ped.2017.0814. PMC 5733742. PMID 29279787.
  9. ↑ Kondamudi NP, Dulebohn SC. PMID 28722923. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. ↑ Kondamudi NP, Wilt AS. PMID 28722998. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ↑ Memon J, Manganaro SN. PMID 28722938. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. ↑ Bergeron M, Cohen AP, Cotton RT (2017). "The Management of Cyanotic Spells in Children with Oesophageal Atresia". Front Pediatr. 5: 106. doi:10.3389/fped.2017.00106. PMC 5430373. PMID 28555179.
  13. ↑ Fardoun MM, Nassif J, Issa K, Baydoun E, Eid AH (2016). "Raynaud's Phenomenon: A Brief Review of the Underlying Mechanisms". Front Pharmacol. 7: 438. doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00438. PMC 5110514. PMID 27899893.
  14. ↑ Das S, Maiti A (November 2013). "Acrocyanosis: an overview". Indian J Dermatol. 58 (6): 417–20. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.119946. PMC 3827510. PMID 24249890.
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