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{{familytree | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C03 |C02=Central cyanosis|C03=Peripheral cyanosis}}
{{familytree | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C03 |C02=Central cyanosis|C03=Peripheral cyanosis}}
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{{familytree | | | | | | |!| | | G01 | | G02 | | G03 | | G04 | | G05 | | G06 | | G07 | | | | D02 |G01=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 12em; padding:1em;"> '''Miscellaneous''':<br>
{{familytree | | | | | | |!| | | G01 | | G02 | | G03 | | G04 | | G05 | | G06 | | G07 | | | | D02 |G01=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 12em; padding:1em;"> '''Miscellaneous''': <br>
❑  [[:Category:Drugs|Drugs]] and [[Chemical substance|chemicals]]: <ref name="pmid29171648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Günal E, Akkuş Y, Çığşar G, Çiftçi H, Kahramanca Ş, Özdemir M |title=Methemoglobinemia incidence after the application of lidocaine for small surgical procedures |journal=Agri |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=173–176 |date=October 2017 |pmid=29171648 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15249969">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hilbert P, Zur Nieden K |title=[Suicidal fatal beta-blocker intoxication] |language=German |journal=Anaesthesist |volume=53 |issue=9 |pages=826–9 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15249969 |doi=10.1007/s00101-004-0721-1 |url=}}</ref> <br>
❑  [[:Category:Drugs|Drugs]] and [[Chemical substance|chemicals]]: <ref name="pmid29171648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Günal E, Akkuş Y, Çığşar G, Çiftçi H, Kahramanca Ş, Özdemir M |title=Methemoglobinemia incidence after the application of lidocaine for small surgical procedures |journal=Agri |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=173–176 |date=October 2017 |pmid=29171648 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15249969">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hilbert P, Zur Nieden K |title=[Suicidal fatal beta-blocker intoxication] |language=German |journal=Anaesthesist |volume=53 |issue=9 |pages=826–9 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15249969 |doi=10.1007/s00101-004-0721-1 |url=}}</ref> <br>
:❑ [[Beta blockers]] <br>
:❑ [[Beta blockers]] <br>

Revision as of 23:45, 4 August 2020

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cyanosis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Central cyanosis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Peripheral cyanosis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Miscellaneous:

❑ Drugs and chemicals: [1][2]

❑ Beta blockers
❑ Nitrite or nitrate-containing compounds (eg, nitroglycerin)
❑ Dapsone
❑ Sulfonamides
❑ Benzocaine
❑ Chloroquine
❑ Heroin

❑ Venomous snakebites [3] ❑ Brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE) [4]
❑ High altitude [5]
❑ Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
❑ Cirrhosis of liver
❑ Drowning
❑ Chocking
❑ Hanging

❑ Hypothermia
 
 
 
 
{{{ G05 }}}
 
{{{ G06 }}}
 
{{{ G07 }}}
 
 
 
Causes: [6][7]

❑ Cold exposure
❑ Acrocyanosis
❑ Erythrocyanosis
❑ Raynaud's phenomenon
❑ Raynaud's disease
❑ Arterial obstruction:

❑ Peripheral vascular disease
❑ Buergers disease

❑ Venous obstruction:

❑ Thromboembolism
❑ Deep vein thrombosis
❑ Superior vena cava syndrome

❑ Decreased cardiac output:

❑ Left sided heart failure
❑ Shock
❑ Hypovolemia
❑ Redistribution of blood flow from extremities
 
 
 
 
 
Pseudocyanosis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Metals
 
 
 
 
Extensive tattoos
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Drugs
 
 
 
 
Pigmentary lesions
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Consumption of dyed food
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

References

  1. ↑ Günal E, Akkuş Y, Çığşar G, Çiftçi H, Kahramanca Ş, Özdemir M (October 2017). "Methemoglobinemia incidence after the application of lidocaine for small surgical procedures". Agri. 29 (4): 173–176. PMID 29171648.
  2. ↑ Hilbert P, Zur Nieden K (September 2004). "[Suicidal fatal beta-blocker intoxication]". Anaesthesist (in German). 53 (9): 826–9. doi:10.1007/s00101-004-0721-1. PMID 15249969.
  3. ↑ Hifumi T, Sakai A, Kondo Y, Yamamoto A, Morine N, Ato M, Shibayama K, Umezawa K, Kiriu N, Kato H, Koido Y, Inoue J, Kawakita K, Kuroda Y (2015). "Venomous snake bites: clinical diagnosis and treatment". J Intensive Care. 3 (1): 16. doi:10.1186/s40560-015-0081-8. PMC 4393627. PMID 25866646.
  4. ↑ Kondamudi NP, Virji M. PMID 28722926. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ↑ Jensen JD, Vincent AL. PMID 28613569. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. ↑ Fardoun MM, Nassif J, Issa K, Baydoun E, Eid AH (2016). "Raynaud's Phenomenon: A Brief Review of the Underlying Mechanisms". Front Pharmacol. 7: 438. doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00438. PMC 5110514. PMID 27899893.
  7. ↑ Das S, Maiti A (November 2013). "Acrocyanosis: an overview". Indian J Dermatol. 58 (6): 417–20. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.119946. PMC 3827510. PMID 24249890.
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