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| Image = | | | Image = | |
| Caption = | | | Caption = | |
| DiseasesDB = 14093 | | | DiseasesDB = 9820 | |
| DiseasesDB_mult = {{DiseasesDB2|32911}} {{DiseasesDB2|12315}} | | | ICD10 = {{ICD10|I|01|0|i|00}}, {{ICD10|I|09|2|i|05}}, {{ICD10|I|30||i|30}}-{{ICD10|I|32||i|30}} | |
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|G|12||g|10}} |
| | ICD9 = {{ICD9|420.90}} | |
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|335.0}}-{{ICD9|335.1}} | | |
| ICDO = | | | ICDO = | |
| OMIM = 253300 | | | OMIM = | |
| OMIM_mult = {{OMIM2|253550}} {{OMIM2|253400}} {{OMIM2|271150}} | | | MedlinePlus = | |
| MedlinePlus = | | | eMedicineSubj = | |
| eMedicineSubj = | | | eMedicineTopic = | |
| eMedicineTopic = | | | eMedicine_mult = | |
| MeshID = D009134 | | | MeshName = Spinal muscular atrophy | |
| | MeshNumber = C14.280.720 | |
| }} | | }} |
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| {{SI}} | | {{Spinal Muscular Atrophy}} |
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| {{CMG}}
| | '''For patient information click [[Spinal muscular atrophy (patient information)|here]]''' |
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| | '''Editors-in-Chief:''' [[C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.]]; [[Priyamvada Singh]], [[MBBS]] |
| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| {{Editor Help}}
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| ===[[Spinal Muscular atrophy overview | Overview]]===
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| ===[[Spinal Muscular atrophy symptom| Symptom]]===
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| ===[[Spinal Muscular atrophy diagnosis|Diagnosis]]===
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| == Cause ==
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| The region of [[chromosome 5 (human)|chromosome 5]] that contains the SMN ([[survival motor neuron]]) gene has a large duplication. A large sequence that contains several genes occurs twice in adjacent segments. There are thus two copies of the gene, SMN1 and SMN2. The SMN2 gene has an additional mutation that makes it less efficient at making protein, though it does so in a low level. SMA is caused by loss of the SMN1 gene from both [[chromosome]]s. The severity of SMA, ranging from SMA 1 to SMA 3, is partly related to how well the remaining SMN 2 genes can make up for the loss of SMN 1. Often there are additional copies of SMN2, and an increasing number of SMN2 copies causes less severe disease.
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| A severe infantile form of the disease can also occur in boys because of missense and synonymous variants mutations in gene UBE1 on the X chromosome. Sons of women with this genetic mutation generally have a 50% chance of suffering the disease, and daughters of women with the mutation have a 50% chance of being carriers, while unaffected by the disease itself.<ref>[http://www.ajhg.org/AJHG/fulltext/S0002-9297(07)00015-8 AJHG - Rare Missense and Synonymous Variants in UBE1 Are Associated with X-Linked Infantile Spinal Muscular Atrophy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
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| All forms of SMN-associated SMA have a combined incidence of about 1 in 6,000. SMA is the most common cause of genetically determined neonatal death. The gene frequency is thus around 1:80, and approximately one in 40 persons are carriers. There are no known health consequences of being a carrier, and the only way one might know to consider the possibility is if a relative is affected.
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| ==Types==
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| ===Caused by mutation of the SMN gene===
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| The most common form of SMA is caused by mutation of the SMN gene, and manifests over a wide range of severity affecting infants through adults. This spectrum has been divided into three groups, depending on the age of onset, and are as followed:
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| *'''Infantile SMA - Type I or [[Werdnig-Hoffmann disease]]''' (generally 0-6 months). SMA type I, also known as severe infantile SMA or Werdnig Hoffmann disease, is the most severe, and manifests in the first year of life. This type generally onsets quickly and unexpectedly after birth; babies diagnosed with Type I SMA do not generally live past one year of age. Pneumonia is considered the ultimate cause of death due to deterioration of survival motor neurons; these neurons trigger improper functioning of the major bodily organ systems, particularly respiratory (e.g. breathing, ridding of pooled secretions inside lungs).
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| *'''Intermediate SMA - Type II''' (generally 7-18 months). Type II SMA, or intermediate SMA, describes those children who are never able to stand and walk, but who are able to maintain a sitting position at least some time in their life. The onset of weakness is usually recognized some time between 6 and 18 months.
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| *'''Adult SMA - Type III or [[Kugelberg-Welander disease]]''' (generally >18 months). SMA type 3 describes those who are able to walk at some time.
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| ===Caused by mutation of the UBE1 gene on X Chromosome===
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| Infantile X-Linked SMA is similar to but distinguishable from Werdnig Hoffmann disease, manifested at or before birth in boys. Boys who inherit the gene usually die before age 2. Girls who inherit the gene are carriers, but are otherwise unaffected.
| | '''''Synonyms and keywords:''''' Werdnig-Hoffman, Intermediate SMA, Kugelberg-Welander |
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| == Statistic of forms SMA == | | ==[[Spinal muscular atrophy overview | Overview]]== |
| Statistic of forms (from Patient Registry Report, compiled by Connie Garland for the SMA Registry, The International Coordinating Committee for clinical trials in SMA ):
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| * Families: 1,386
| | ==[[Spinal muscular atrophy epidemiology and demographics| Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| * Affected Individuals: 1,535
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| :*Affected Females – 759
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| :*Affected Males – 776
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| :*Deceased – 242
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| :*Living – 1,293
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| * Type of SMA
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| :*Type 1 – 489
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| :*Type 2 – 511
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| :*Type 3 – 315
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| :*Adult Onset – 37
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| :*[[Kennedy's disease]] – 7
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| :*Unknown – 176
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| ===Other forms of SMA=== | | ==[[Spinal muscular atrophy risk factor|Risk Factors]]== |
| Other forms of spinal muscular atrophy are caused by mutation of other genes, some known and others not yet defined. All forms of SMA have in common weakness caused by denervation, that is, the muscle atrophies because it has lost the signal to contract due to loss of the innervating nerve. Spinal muscular atrophy only affects motor nerves. Heritable disorders that cause both weakness due to motor denervation along with sensory impairment due to sensory denervation are known by the inclusive label [[Charcot-Marie-Tooth]] or Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathy. The term spinal muscular atrophy thus refers to atrophy of muscles due to loss of motor neurons within the spinal cord.
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| * Hereditary Bulbo-Spinal SMA [[Kennedy's disease]] (X linked, Androgen receptor)
| | ==[[Spinal muscular atrophy screening | Screening]]== |
| * Spinal Muscular Atrophy with Respiratory Distress (SMARD 1) (chromsome 11, IGHMBP2 gene)
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| * Distal SMA with upper limb predominance ([[chromosome 7 (human)|chromosome 7]], glycyl tRNA synthase)
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| * X-Linked infantile SMA (gene UBE1)<ref>[http://www.ajhg.org/AJHG/fulltext/S0002-9297(07)00015-8 AJHG - Rare Missense and Synonymous Variants in UBE1 Are Associated with X-Linked Infantile Spinal Muscular Atrophy<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://health.usnews.com/usnews/health/healthday/080110/years-long-search-unlocks-deadly-genetic-disease.htm Years-Long Search Unlocks Deadly Genetic Disease<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
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| ==Treatment== | | ==[[Spinal muscular atrophy other forms | Other forms]]== |
| The course of SMA is directly related to the severity of weakness. Infants with the severe form of SMA frequently succumb to respiratory disease due to weakness of the muscles that support breathing. Children with milder forms of SMA naturally live much longer although they may need extensive medical support, especially those at the more severe end of the spectrum.
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| Although gene replacement strategies are being tested in animals, current treatment for SMA consists of prevention and management of the secondary effect of chronic motor unit loss. It is likely that gene replacement for SMA will require many more years of investigation before it can be applied to humans. Due to [[molecular biology]], there is a better understanding of SMA. The disease is caused by deficiency of SMN (survival motor neuron) protein, and therefore approaches to developing treatment include searching for drugs that increase SMN levels, enhance residual SMN function, or compensate for its loss.
| | ==[[Spinal muscular atrophy molecular biology|Molecular Biology]]== |
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| Much can be done for SMA patients in terms of medical and in particular respiratory, nutritional and rehabilitation care. However, there is currently no drug known to alter the course of SMA. Significant progress has been made in preclincial research towards an effective treatment. Several drugs have been identified in laboratory experiments that hold promise for patients. To evaluate if these drugs benefit SMA patients, clinical trials are needed. In a clinical trial a new medication is tested while the patients are carefully monitored for their safety and for any possible drug effects, positive or negative.
| | ==[[Spinal muscular atrophy genetics|Genetics]]== |
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| Some drugs under clinical investigation for the treatment of SMA:
| | ==[[Spinal muscular atrophy types|Types]]== |
| * [[Butyrates]]
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| * [[Valproic acid]]
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| * [[Hydroxyurea]]
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| * [[Riluzole]]
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| == Research == | | ==[[Spinal muscular atrophy diagnosis|Diagnosis]]== |
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| In 1978 Pearn published a series of papers on SMA. He reported that childhood onset SMA is not an uncommon disease and has an incidence in the Northern UK in range of 4 per 100,000 births. At that time the association between the severe infantile form of SMA and the milder forms was not understood. With the advantage of knowledge about the causative gene, it is now known that SMA1, SMA2 and SMA3 are all caused by mutations in the same gene. The overall incidence of SMA, of all types, is in the range of 1 per 6,000 individual. It affects individuals of all races, unlike other well known autosomal recessive disorders like sickle cell disease, and cystic fibrosis, that have significant differences in occurrence rate between races. Overall, SMA1 is the most common genetic cause of death in infants.
| | ==[[Spinal muscular atrophy full differential diagnosis|Full Differential Diagnosis]]== |
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| The autosomal recessive versions of SMA are caused by inheritance of a mutated gene from each parent, who would not know that they have the abnormal gene because having only one mutated copy produces no symptoms. Once a child is affected, each subsequent baby has a 25% chance of having the illness. If a sibling does not inherit the disorder, he or she has a 2/3 chance of being a carrier.
| | ==[[Spinal muscular atrophy symptom| Symptom]]== |
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| On the other hand, X-linked infantile SMA is passed from mothers only to sons. Sons have a 50% chance of inheriting the defective gene from a mother who is a carrier and suffering the disease, while daughters have a 50% chance of becoming carriers without symptoms themselves. Couples may want to have genetic counseling before deciding to have more children. Counseling is available to these families through the community.
| | ==[[Spinal muscular atrophy treatment | Treatment]]== |
| | [[Spinal muscular atrophy outcome measures|Outcome measures]]|[[Spinal muscular atrophy therapeutics development|Therapeutics development]] |
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| In 1990 mapping of the gene for SMA to [[chromosome 5 (human)|chromosome 5]]q11.2-13.3 was reported and culminated in a 3 year research funded in part by the [[Muscular Dystrophy Association]]. The findings were also confirmed by French researchers. The identification of the gene for autosomal recessive SMA on chromosome 5q has allowed for prenatal diagnosis. Families who are at risk, or who have had a child with the diagnosis can have an [[amniocentesis]] done during pregnancy for DNA testing.
| | ==[[Spinal muscular atrophy research|Research]]== |
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
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| * [http://www.smatrust.org SMA Trust] - a UK registered charity working to fund medical research into Spinal Muscular Atrophy | | * [http://www.smatrust.org SMA Trust] - a UK registered charity working to fund medical research into Spinal Muscular Atrophy |
| * [http://www.jtsma.org.uk Jennifer Trust for Spinal Muscular Atrophy] - A national charity in the UK dedicated both to supporting people affected by SMA, and investing in essential research into causes, treatments and eventually a cure for the condition | | * [http://www.jtsma.org.uk Jennifer Trust for Spinal Muscular Atrophy] - A national charity in the UK dedicated both to supporting people affected by SMA, and investing in essential research into causes, treatments and eventually a cure for the condition |
| {{Diseases of the nervous system}}
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| {{SIB}}
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| [[Category:Motor neuron disease]] | | [[Category:Motor neuron disease]] |
| [[Category:Genetic disorders]] | | [[Category:Genetic disorders]] |
| | [[Category:Pediatrics]] |
| | [[Cateogry:Neurology]] |
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| [[da:Spinal muskulær atrofi]] | | [[da:Spinal muskulær atrofi]] |