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| {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Trusha}} | | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{Trusha}} |
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| | ==new== |
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| | {| align="right" |
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| | [[Image:Squamous cell mircopathology2.jpeg|x200px|thumb| Micropathology: Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. H&E stain, By Nephron [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ALung_squamous_carcinoma_--_high_mag.jpg Wikimedia Commons]]] |
| | |} |
| | {| align="right" |
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| | [[Image:Bronchial cancer.jpeg|x200px|thumb|Gross pathology: Bronchial squamous lung cell cancer By John Hayman [Public domain], (Image source: [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ACa_bronchus.jpg Wikimedia Commons])]] |
| | |} |
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| {| | | {| |
| |- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
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| ! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Diseases
| | |
| | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Clinical manifestations'''
| | # [[Superior vena cava obstruction]] |
| ! colspan="7" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Para-clinical findings
| | # [[Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection]] |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Gold standard'''
| | # [[Esophageal achalasia]] |
| ! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Additional findings
| | # [[Esophageal cancer]] |
| |-
| | # [[Esophageal rupture]] |
| | colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |'''Symptoms'''
| | # [[Hiatus hernia]] |
| ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Physical exam
| | # [[Hilar lymphadenopathy]] |
| |-
| | # [[Pneumomediastinum]] |
| ! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Lab Findings
| | # [[Sarcoidosis]] |
| ! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Imaging
| | # [[Lymphoma]] |
| ! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Histopathology
| | # [[Neurilemmoma]] |
| |-
| | # [[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma]] |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Number
| | # [[Teratoma]] |
| ! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Cough/Sputum
| | # [[Thymoma]] |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Weight loss
| | |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other symptoms
| | # [[Thyroid cancer]] |
| ! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Percussion
| | # [[Goitre]] |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Auscultation | | # [[Mediastinal germ cell tumor]], |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CBC
| | # [[Mediastinal tumor]], |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Sputum analysis
| | # [[Mediastinitis]] |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |
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| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Chest X-ray
| | # [[Churg-Strauss syndrome]] |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |CT scan
| | # [[Bronchogenic cyst]], |
| ! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Other imaging
| | # [[Dermoid cyst]] |
| |-
| | # [[Anthrax]]: |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulmonary nodule|Pulmonary Nodule]](benign)
| | # [[Tularemia]] |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
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| *
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | [[File:Mediastinal lymohangioma GIF.gif|x200px|thumb| CT scan shows cystic mass which was located on the posterior to the lower esophagus later diagnosed as thoracic duct lymphangioma. [https://doi.org/10.5090/kjtcs.2014.47.4.423 Source:Case courtesy of Jin San Bok et al, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital]]] |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | [[File:Posterior-mediastinal-schwannoma.gif|x200px|thumb| CT scan showing a soft tissue density lesion within the left posterior mediastinum, in a paravertebral location. The lesion is closely related to the left neural exit foramen, but there is no definite extension into the spinal canal. The lesion does extend into the intercostal space. |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| | Case courtesy of Dr Paul Leong |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | (Picture courtesy:[https://radiopaedia.org/cases/26625 Radiopedia])]] |
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| | __NOTOC__ |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| | {{SI}} |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Trusha}}, {{AM}} |
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| |-
| | {{SK}} Mediastinal enlargement; mass in the mediastinum |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Pulmonary Nodule (malignant)
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| | ==Overview== |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| | The [[mediastinum]] is a non-delineated group of structures in the thorax (chest), surrounded by loose connective tissue. Since it is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity, and it contains a lot of important structures, it is the site of involvement of various tumors. |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
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| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| | ==Causes== |
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| | ==Initial Evaluation== |
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| | {{familytree/start}} |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| | {{Family tree |border=2|boxstyle=background: WhiteSmoke;| | | | | A01 | | | | |A01=<div style="float: left; text-align: center; height: 1.25em; width: 25em; padding: 1em;">'''Mediastinal Mass'''</div>}} |
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| | {{familytree | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | }} |
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| | {{familytree | | | | | B01 | | | |B01=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; line-height: 150%; padding: 1em; "> '''Workups''' |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| | ---- |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| | ❑ CT chest with contrast <br> ❑ Serum beta-HCG, AFP, if appropriate <br> ❑ CBC, platelets <br> ❑ PET-CT scan (optional) <br> ❑ Pulmonary function tests if clinically indicated <br> ❑ MRI chest if clinically indicated |
| |-
| | </div>}} |
| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Infection
| | {{familytree | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | }} |
| | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| | {{familytree | C01 | | | | | | C02 | | | |C01=<div style="float: left; text-align: center; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 1em;"> '''Thymic Tumor Likely''' </div> |C02= <div style="float: left; text-align: center; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 1em;"> '''Thymic Tumor Unlikely''' </div>}} |
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| | {{familytree | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | }} |
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| | {{familytree | D01 | | | | | | D02 | | | |D01=<div style="float: left; text-align: center; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 1em; text-size: 85%;">Consider [[Thymoma surgery|surgery]]</div>|D02=<div style="float: left; text-align: center; height: 1.25em; width: 15em; padding: 1em; text-size: 85%;">Disease-specific management</div>}} |
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| | {{familytree/start}} |
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| |- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
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| !Diseases
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| !Number
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| ! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Cough/Sputum
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| !Weight loss
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| !Other symptoms
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| ! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Percussion
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| !Auscultation
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| !CBC
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| !Sputum analysis
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| !
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| !Chest X-ray
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| !CT scan
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| !Other imaging
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| !Histopathology
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| |'''Gold standard'''
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| !Additional findings
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| |-
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| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Abscess
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| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Septic emboli
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| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Fungi
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| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Parasites
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| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Mycobacterial infections
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| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Chronic inflammatory conditions
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| |- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
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| !Diseases
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| !Number
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| ! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Cough/Sputum
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| !Weight loss
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| !Other symptoms
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| ! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Percussion
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| !Auscultation
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| !CBC
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| !Sputum analysis
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| !
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| !Chest X-ray
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| !CT scan
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| !Other imaging
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| !Histopathology
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| |'''Gold standard'''
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| !Additional findings
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| |-
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| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Pulmonary AVMs
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| | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Pneumoconioses
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| |}
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{Reflist|2}} | | {{Reflist|2}} |