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{{Listeriosis}}
{{Listeriosis}}
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==Complications==
Infants who survive listeriosis may have long-term neurological damage and delayed development.


==Prognosis==
==Overview==
Listeriosis in a fetus or infant results in a poor outcome with a high [[death]] rate. Healthy older children and adults have a lower death rate.
Following transmission, the majority of healthy patients do not develop clinical manifestations or may develop a mild, transient [[bacteremia]]. Early clinical manifestations (usually [[fever]]) typically develop early within 24 hours of transmission. If left untreated, patients typically progress within 1-90 days to develop ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]''-associated complications, including [[bacteremia]], [[abscess]] formation, [[pneumonia]], [[ARDS]], [[acute kidney injury]], and [[CNS]] impairment. Among healthy children and young adults, the prognosis of listeriosis is generally good. Prognosis is poorer among high-risk populations, who are more likely to develop complications and death even with prompt management.
 
==Natural History==
*Following transmission, the majority of healthy patients do not develop clinical manifestations or may develop a mild, transient [[bacteremia]].<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages =  }}</ref>
*The median [[incubation period]] for listeriosis-associated [[gastroenteritis]] is approximately 24 hours (range from 6 hours to 10 days).
*Systemic manifestations of listeriosis may be slow-occurring, and the duration from transmission to development of systemic manifestations widely varies between 1 day to 90 days following transmission.<ref name="pmid15825036">{{cite journal| author=Ooi ST, Lorber B| title=Gastroenteritis due to Listeria monocytogenes. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2005 | volume= 40 | issue= 9 | pages= 1327-32 | pmid=15825036 | doi=10.1086/429324 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15825036  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8988887">{{cite journal| author=Dalton CB, Austin CC, Sobel J, Hayes PS, Bibb WF, Graves LM et al.| title=An outbreak of gastroenteritis and fever due to Listeria monocytogenes in milk. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1997 | volume= 336 | issue= 2 | pages= 100-5 | pmid=8988887 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199701093360204 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8988887  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3137471">{{cite journal| author=Linnan MJ, Mascola L, Lou XD, Goulet V, May S, Salminen C et al.| title=Epidemic listeriosis associated with Mexican-style cheese. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1988 | volume= 319 | issue= 13 | pages= 823-8 | pmid=3137471 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198809293191303 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3137471  }} </ref>
 
===Febrile Gastroenteritis===
*''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]''-associated [[gastroenteritis]] typically occurs 24 hours following [[ingestion]] of contaminated food.
*Patients typically manifest with [[fever]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], and [[watery diarrhea]].
*''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]''-associated [[gastroenteritis]] is usually self-limited and lasts for a mean of 2 days among healthy individuals.
*In high-risk patients, systemic manifestations of ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]'' may occur, and patients are at higher risk of developing ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]''-associated complications.<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages = }}</ref>
 
===Infection in Pregnancy===
*Among [[pregnant]] women, listeriosis typically manifests during the third trimester of [[gestation]].<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages =  }}</ref>
*Pregnant women typically first present with mild [[flu]]-like [[symptoms]], such as [[fever]] and [[chills]], that are difficult to diagnose.
*As the disease progresses, [[pregnant]] women typically develop ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]''-associated [[bacteremia]] (typically without [[CNS]] involvement)
*If left untreated, [[listeriosis]] among [[pregnant]] women typically results in [[fetal]] sequelae, including [[fetal death]], [[premature birth]], or [[neonatal sepsis]].<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages =  }}</ref>


==Complications==
===Neonates===
Invasive disease might complicate into:<ref>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages =  }}</ref>
*[[Neonates]] may be infected either in-utero [[infection]], which manifests with [[neonatal sepsis]] or during [[delivery]], which manifests with [[neonatal]] [[meningitis]].
*[[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
*Both [[infections]] are usually rapid-occurring, and [[infected]] [[neonates]] appear sick-looking with greyish-bluish discoloration at birth.
*If left untreated, [[neonates]] may develop [[granulomatosis]] infantiseptica, a severe in-utero [[infection]], and death.<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages =  }}</ref>


*[[ARDS]]
===CNS Infection===
*''[[Listeria monocytogenes|L. monocytogenes]]'' has [[tropism]] for the [[brain stem]] and [[meninges]].
*Patients with ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]''-associated [[CNS]] [[infection]] typically develop [[fever]] followed by [[altered mental status]], [[seizures]], [[cranial nerve palsy]], [[hemiplegia]], and [[ataxia]].<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. |title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages =  }}</ref>
*Patients may either develop rhombencephalitis, [[cerebritis]], [[spinal cord]] [[infection]], [[meningitis]] alone, [[encephalitis]] alone, or both ([[meningoencephalitis]]).
*Patients with ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]''-associated rhombencephalitis typically experience a bi-phasic course. First, patients develop worsening [[headache]], [[fever]], [[vomiting]] for a 3-5 days, followed by an abrupt-onset of [[Neurological disorders|neurological impairment]] ([[cranial nerve palsy]], [[ataxia]], [[altered mental status]], [[seizures]]).<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. |title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages =  }}</ref>
*If left untreated, [[brain abscesses]] may develop. The location of the [[brain abscesses]] is typically in the [[thalamus]], [[pons]], and/or [[medulla]].
*The majority of patients with advanced [[CNS disease]] develop long-term sequelae.


*[[Rhabdomyolysis]]
===Endocarditis===
Listerial [[endocarditis]] may affect either [[native valve endocarditis|native]] or [[prosthetic valve]]s.
*If left untreated, the majority of patients with ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]''-associated [[endocarditis]] progress to develop [[bacteremia]].<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. |title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages =  }}</ref>


*[[Acute Renal Failure]]
==Complications==
*Compared with the general population, high-risk patients are more likely to develop invasive [[disease]] and ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]''-associated complications.<ref name="Lorber-1997">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Lorber | first1 = B. | title = Listeriosis. | journal = Clin Infect Dis | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 1-9; quiz 10-1 | month = Jan | year = 1997 | doi =  | PMID = 8994747 }}</ref>
*Complications of invasive disease include the following:<ref name=Mandell>{{Cite book  | last1 = Mandell | first1 = Gerald L. | last2 = Bennett | first2 = John E. (John Eugene) | last3 = Dolin | first3 = Raphael. | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease | date = 2010 | publisher = Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | isbn = 0-443-06839-9 | pages =  }}</ref><ref name=WHO>{{cite web | title = Listeriosis | url = http://www.who.int/ith/diseases/listeriosis/en/ }}</ref>
* [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
* [[ARDS]]
* [[Rhabdomyolysis]]
* [[Acute kidney injury]]
* [[Septicemia]]<ref name=Gray_1966>Gray, M. L., and A. H. Killinger. 1966. Listeria monocytogenes and listeric infection. Bacteriol. Rev. 30:309-382.</ref>
* [[Meningitis]]<ref name=Gray_1966/>
* [[Encephalitis]]<ref name=Armstrong1993>Armstrong, R. W., and P. C. Fung. 1993. Brainstem encephalitis (Rhombencephalitis) due to Listeria monocytogenes:  case report and review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 16:689-702.</ref>
* [[Corneal ulcer]]<ref name=Holland_1987>Holland, S., E. Alfonso, H. Gelender, D. Heidemann, A. Mendelsohn, S. Ullman, and D. Miller. 1987. Corneal ulcer due to Listeria monocytogenes. Cornea 6:144-146.</ref>
* [[Pneumonia]]<ref name=whitelock_1989>Whitelock-Jones, L., J. Carswell, and K. C. Rassmussen. 1989. Listeria pneumonia. A case report. South African Medical Journal 75:188-189.</ref>
* [[uterus|Intrauterine]] or [[cervix|cervical]] [[infection]] in pregnant women, may result in:<ref name="pmid25241232">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maertens de Noordhout C, Devleesschauwer B, Angulo FJ, Verbeke G, Haagsma J, Kirk M, Havelaar A, Speybroeck N |title=The global burden of listeriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=14 |issue=11 |pages=1073–82 |year=2014 |pmid=25241232 |pmc=4369580 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70870-9 |url=}}</ref>
:* [[miscarriage|Spontaneous abortion]] (2nd/3rd trimester)
:* [[Stillbirth]]
:* [[Preterm birth]]
:* [[Granulomatosis]] infantiseptica: [[pyogenic]] [[granulomas]] distributed over the whole body, and the newborn may suffer from physical retardation


*Reinfection (rare)
==Prognosis==
The [[prognosis]] of [[listeriosis]] depends on the health status of the host:<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title = Listeria | url = http://www.cdc.gov/listeria/definition.html }}</ref>
* Healthy children and young adults have a good prognosis and are at low-risk of developing ''[[Listeria monocytogenes|Listeria]]''-associated complications and long-term sequelae.
* High-risk populations, including [[pregnant]] women, [[neonates]], elderly, and [[immunosuppressed]] individuals, have a poorer prognosis with a high death rate (even when treatment is administered promptly).


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Bacterial diseases]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]


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Latest revision as of 15:56, 5 April 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]

Overview

Following transmission, the majority of healthy patients do not develop clinical manifestations or may develop a mild, transient bacteremia. Early clinical manifestations (usually fever) typically develop early within 24 hours of transmission. If left untreated, patients typically progress within 1-90 days to develop Listeria-associated complications, including bacteremia, abscess formation, pneumonia, ARDS, acute kidney injury, and CNS impairment. Among healthy children and young adults, the prognosis of listeriosis is generally good. Prognosis is poorer among high-risk populations, who are more likely to develop complications and death even with prompt management.

Natural History

  • Following transmission, the majority of healthy patients do not develop clinical manifestations or may develop a mild, transient bacteremia.[1]
  • The median incubation period for listeriosis-associated gastroenteritis is approximately 24 hours (range from 6 hours to 10 days).
  • Systemic manifestations of listeriosis may be slow-occurring, and the duration from transmission to development of systemic manifestations widely varies between 1 day to 90 days following transmission.[2][3][4]

Febrile Gastroenteritis

Infection in Pregnancy

Neonates

CNS Infection

Endocarditis

Listerial endocarditis may affect either native or prosthetic valves.

Complications

Prognosis

The prognosis of listeriosis depends on the health status of the host:[12]

  • Healthy children and young adults have a good prognosis and are at low-risk of developing Listeria-associated complications and long-term sequelae.
  • High-risk populations, including pregnant women, neonates, elderly, and immunosuppressed individuals, have a poorer prognosis with a high death rate (even when treatment is administered promptly).

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Mandell, Gerald L.; Bennett, John E. (John Eugene); Dolin, Raphael. (2010). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 0-443-06839-9.
  2. ↑ Ooi ST, Lorber B (2005). "Gastroenteritis due to Listeria monocytogenes". Clin Infect Dis. 40 (9): 1327–32. doi:10.1086/429324. PMID 15825036.
  3. ↑ Dalton CB, Austin CC, Sobel J, Hayes PS, Bibb WF, Graves LM; et al. (1997). "An outbreak of gastroenteritis and fever due to Listeria monocytogenes in milk". N Engl J Med. 336 (2): 100–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM199701093360204. PMID 8988887.
  4. ↑ Linnan MJ, Mascola L, Lou XD, Goulet V, May S, Salminen C; et al. (1988). "Epidemic listeriosis associated with Mexican-style cheese". N Engl J Med. 319 (13): 823–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM198809293191303. PMID 3137471.
  5. ↑ Lorber, B. (1997). "Listeriosis". Clin Infect Dis. 24 (1): 1–9, quiz 10-1. PMID 8994747. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ "Listeriosis".
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Gray, M. L., and A. H. Killinger. 1966. Listeria monocytogenes and listeric infection. Bacteriol. Rev. 30:309-382.
  8. ↑ Armstrong, R. W., and P. C. Fung. 1993. Brainstem encephalitis (Rhombencephalitis) due to Listeria monocytogenes: case report and review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 16:689-702.
  9. ↑ Holland, S., E. Alfonso, H. Gelender, D. Heidemann, A. Mendelsohn, S. Ullman, and D. Miller. 1987. Corneal ulcer due to Listeria monocytogenes. Cornea 6:144-146.
  10. ↑ Whitelock-Jones, L., J. Carswell, and K. C. Rassmussen. 1989. Listeria pneumonia. A case report. South African Medical Journal 75:188-189.
  11. ↑ Maertens de Noordhout C, Devleesschauwer B, Angulo FJ, Verbeke G, Haagsma J, Kirk M, Havelaar A, Speybroeck N (2014). "The global burden of listeriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Lancet Infect Dis. 14 (11): 1073–82. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70870-9. PMC 4369580. PMID 25241232.
  12. ↑ "Listeria".


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