Opioid classification: Difference between revisions
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{{Opioid}} | |||
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==Classification== | ==Classification== | ||
=== Endogenous opioids === | |||
Opioid-[[peptide]]s that are produced in the body include: | |||
* [[Endorphin]]s | |||
* [[Enkephalin]]s | |||
* [[Dynorphin]]s | |||
* [[Endomorphin]]s | |||
[[β-endorphin]] is expressed in [[Pro-opiomelanocortin]] (POMC) cells in the [[arcuate nucleus]] and in a small population of neurons in the [[brainstem]], and acts through μ-opioid receptors. β-endorphin has many effects, including on [[sexual behavior]] and [[appetite]]. β-endorphin is also secreted into the circulation from pituitary [[corticotropes]] and [[melanotropes]]. [[α-neoendorphin]] is also expressed in POMC cells in the arcuate nucleus. | |||
[met]-[[enkephalin]] is widely distributed in the CNS; [met]-enkephalin is a product of the proenkephalin gene, and acts through μ and δ-opioid receptors. [leu]-[[enkephalin]], also a product of the proenkephalin gene, acts through δ-opioid receptors. | |||
[[Dynorphin]] acts through κ-opioid receptors, and is widely distributed in the CNS, including in the [[spinal cord]] and [[hypothalamus]], including in particular the [[arcuate nucleus]] and in both [[oxytocin]] and [[vasopressin]] neurons in the [[supraoptic nucleus]]. | |||
[[Endomorphin]] acts through μ-opioid receptors, and is more potent than other endogenous opioids at these receptors. | |||
=== Opium alkaloids === | |||
[[Phenanthrene]]s naturally occurring in [[opium]]: | |||
* [[Codeine]] | |||
* [[Morphine]] | |||
* [[Thebaine]] | |||
* [[Oripavine]]<ref name="Odell 2007">Odell LR, Skopec J, McCluskey A. "Isolation and identification of unique marker compounds from the Tasmanian poppy ''Papaver somniferum'' N." ''Forensic Sci Int'' (2007). PMID 17765420</ref> | |||
Preparations of mixed opium alkaloids, including [[papaveretum]], are still occasionally used. | |||
=== Semisynthetic derivatives === | |||
* [[Diacetylmorphine]] (heroin) | |||
* [[Dihydrocodeine]] | |||
* [[Hydrocodone]] | |||
* [[Hydromorphone]] | |||
* [[Nicomorphine]] | |||
* [[Oxycodone]] | |||
* [[Oxymorphone]] | |||
=== Synthetic opioids === | |||
==== [[Anilidopiperidine]]s ==== | |||
* [[Fentanyl]] | |||
* [[Alphamethylfentanyl]] | |||
* [[Alfentanil]] | |||
* [[Sufentanil]] | |||
* [[Remifentanil]] | |||
* [[Carfentanyl]] | |||
* [[Ohmefentanyl]] | |||
==== [[Phenylpiperidine]]s ==== | |||
* [[Pethidine]] (meperidine) | |||
* [[Ketobemidone]] | |||
* [[MPPP]] | |||
* [[Allylprodine]] | |||
* [[Prodine]] | |||
* [[PEPAP]] | |||
==== [[Diphenylpropylamine]] derivatives ==== | |||
* [[Propoxyphene]] | |||
* [[Dextropropoxyphene]] | |||
* [[Dextromoramide]] | |||
* [[Bezitramide]] | |||
* [[Piritramide]] | |||
* [[Methadone]] | |||
* [[Dipipanone]] | |||
* [[Levo-alphacetylmethadol]] (LAAM) | |||
* [[Loperamide]] (used for diarrhoea, does not cross the [[blood-brain barrier]]) | |||
* [[Diphenoxylate]] (used for diarrhoea, does not appreciably cross the [[blood-brain barrier]]) | |||
==== [[Benzomorphan]] derivatives ==== | |||
* [[Pentazocine]] | |||
* [[Phenazocine]] | |||
==== [[Oripavine]] derivatives ==== | |||
* [[Buprenorphine]] | |||
* [[Etorphine]] | |||
==== [[Morphinan]] derivatives ==== | |||
* [[Butorphanol]] | |||
* [[Nalbuphine]] | |||
* [[Levorphanol]] | |||
* [[Levomethorphan]] | |||
==== Others ==== | |||
* [[Dezocine]] | |||
* [[Lefetamine]] | |||
* [[Meptazinol]] | |||
* [[Tilidine]] | |||
* [[Tramadol]] | |||
* [[Tapentadol]] | |||
=== Opioid antagonists === | |||
* [[Nalmefene]] | |||
* [[Naloxone]] | |||
* [[Naltrexone]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 16:58, 18 September 2014
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Opioid Microchapters |
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Opioid classification On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Opioid classification |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Classification
Endogenous opioids
Opioid-peptides that are produced in the body include:
β-endorphin is expressed in Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) cells in the arcuate nucleus and in a small population of neurons in the brainstem, and acts through μ-opioid receptors. β-endorphin has many effects, including on sexual behavior and appetite. β-endorphin is also secreted into the circulation from pituitary corticotropes and melanotropes. α-neoendorphin is also expressed in POMC cells in the arcuate nucleus.
[met]-enkephalin is widely distributed in the CNS; [met]-enkephalin is a product of the proenkephalin gene, and acts through μ and δ-opioid receptors. [leu]-enkephalin, also a product of the proenkephalin gene, acts through δ-opioid receptors.
Dynorphin acts through κ-opioid receptors, and is widely distributed in the CNS, including in the spinal cord and hypothalamus, including in particular the arcuate nucleus and in both oxytocin and vasopressin neurons in the supraoptic nucleus.
Endomorphin acts through μ-opioid receptors, and is more potent than other endogenous opioids at these receptors.
Opium alkaloids
Phenanthrenes naturally occurring in opium:
Preparations of mixed opium alkaloids, including papaveretum, are still occasionally used.
Semisynthetic derivatives
- Diacetylmorphine (heroin)
- Dihydrocodeine
- Hydrocodone
- Hydromorphone
- Nicomorphine
- Oxycodone
- Oxymorphone
Synthetic opioids
Anilidopiperidines
Phenylpiperidines
- Pethidine (meperidine)
- Ketobemidone
- MPPP
- Allylprodine
- Prodine
- PEPAP
Diphenylpropylamine derivatives
- Propoxyphene
- Dextropropoxyphene
- Dextromoramide
- Bezitramide
- Piritramide
- Methadone
- Dipipanone
- Levo-alphacetylmethadol (LAAM)
- Loperamide (used for diarrhoea, does not cross the blood-brain barrier)
- Diphenoxylate (used for diarrhoea, does not appreciably cross the blood-brain barrier)
Benzomorphan derivatives
Oripavine derivatives
Morphinan derivatives
Others
Opioid antagonists
References
- ↑ Odell LR, Skopec J, McCluskey A. "Isolation and identification of unique marker compounds from the Tasmanian poppy Papaver somniferum N." Forensic Sci Int (2007). PMID 17765420