Ventral tegmentum
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| Brain: Ventral tegmentum | ||
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| Transverse section of mid-brain at level of superior colliculi. (Tegmentum labeled at center right.) | ||
| NeuroNames | hier-512 | |
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Overview
The ventral tegmentum or the ventral tegmental area (VTA) (tegmentum, Latin for covering) is part of the midbrain, lying close to the substantia nigra and the red nucleus.
Pathways
The VTA consists of dopamine, GABA, and glutamate neurons, and is part of two major dopamine pathways:
- the mesolimbic pathway, which connects the VTA to the nucleus accumbens
- the mesocortical pathway, which connects the VTA to cortical areas in the frontal lobes.
Functions
The ventral tegmentum is considered to be part of the pleasure system, or reward circuit, one of the major sources of incentive and behavioural motivation. Activities that produce pleasure tend to activate the ventral tegmentum, and psychostimulant drugs (such as cocaine) directly target this area. Hence, it is widely implicated in neurobiological theories of addiction.
It is also shown to process various types of emotion and security motivation, where it may also play a role in avoidance and fear-conditioning.
Presence of Gap Junctions
The VTA has been shown have have a large network of GABA neurons that are interconnected via Gap junctions.
See also
- List of regions in the human brain
- dopamine
- mesocortical pathway
- mesolimbic pathway
- nucleus accumbens
External links
- Oades R, Halliday G (1987). "Ventral tegmental (A10) system: neurobiology. 1. Anatomy and connectivity". Brain Res 434 (2): 117-65. PMID 3107759. (file not found!)
- Swanson, L.W. (1982). "The projections of the ventral tegmental area and adjacent regions: a combined fluorescent retrograde tracer and immunofluorescence study in the rat". Brain Res 9: 321-53. PMID 6816390.
- Yamaguchi T, Sheen W, and Morales M. (2007). "Glutamatergic neurons are present in the rat ventral tegmental area". Eur J Neuroscience 25: 106–118. PMID 17241272.
- Scripps Research article about Serotonin Receptors and Drug Abuse, regarding the serotonin-laden VTA.
WikiDoc Research Resources for Ventral tegmentum | |
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| Articles on Ventral tegmentum | Most recent articles on Ventral tegmentum • Most cited articles on Ventral tegmentum • Review articles on Ventral tegmentum • Articles on Ventral tegmentum in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ |
| Media (Slides, Video, Images, MP3) on Ventral tegmentum | Powerpoint slides on Ventral tegmentum • Images of Ventral tegmentum • Photos of Ventral tegmentum • Podcasts & MP3s on Ventral tegmentum • Videos on Ventral tegmentum |
| Evidence Based Medicine Regarding Ventral tegmentum | Cochrane Collaboration on Ventral tegmentum • Bandolier on Ventral tegmentum • TRIP on Ventral tegmentum |
| Cost Effectiveness of Ventral tegmentum | Cost Effectiveness of Ventral tegmentum |
| Clinical Trials Involving Ventral tegmentum | Ongoing Trials on Ventral tegmentum at Clinical Trials.gov • Trial results on Ventral tegmentum • Clinical Trials on Ventral tegmentum at Google |
| Guidelines / Policies / Government Resources (FDA/CDC) Regarding Ventral tegmentum | US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Ventral tegmentum • NICE Guidance on Ventral tegmentum • NHS PRODIGY Guidance • FDA on Ventral tegmentum • CDC on Ventral tegmentum |
| Textbook Information on Ventral tegmentum | Books and Textbook Information on Ventral tegmentum |
| Pharmacology Resources on Ventral tegmentum | Dosing of Ventral tegmentum • Drug interactions with Ventral tegmentum • Side effects of Ventral tegmentum • Allergic reactions to Ventral tegmentum • Overdose information on Ventral tegmentum • Carcinogenicity information on Ventral tegmentum • Ventral tegmentum in pregnancy • Pharmacokinetics of Ventral tegmentum • |
| Genetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Proteinomics of Ventral tegmentum | Genetics of Ventral tegmentum • Pharmacogenomics of Ventral tegmentum • Proteomics of Ventral tegmentum |
| Newstories on Ventral tegmentum | Ventral tegmentum in the news • Be alerted to news on Ventral tegmentum • News trends on Ventral tegmentum |
| Commentary on Ventral tegmentum | Blogs on Ventral tegmentum |
| Patient Resources on Ventral tegmentum | Patient resources on Ventral tegmentum • Discussion groups on Ventral tegmentum • Patient Handouts on Ventral tegmentum • Directions to Hospitals Treating Ventral tegmentum • Risk calculators and risk factors for Ventral tegmentum |
| Healthcare Provider Resources on Ventral tegmentum | Symptoms of Ventral tegmentum • Causes & Risk Factors for Ventral tegmentum • Diagnostic studies for Ventral tegmentum • Treatment of Ventral tegmentum |
| Continuing Medical Education (CME) Programs on Ventral tegmentum | CME Programs on Ventral tegmentum |
| International Resources on Ventral tegmentum | Ventral tegmentum en Espanol • Ventral tegmentum en Francais |
| Business Resources on Ventral tegmentum | Ventral tegmentum in the Marketplace • Patents on Ventral tegmentum |
| Informatics Resources on Ventral tegmentum | List of terms related to Ventral tegmentum |
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Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
