The WikiDoc Living Textbook of Physiology

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Click Here For A Complete Listing Of All Chapters In The WikiDoc Living Textbook Of Physiology In Alphabetical Order

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Cardiovascular System

v • d • e

Cardiovascular system, physiology: cardiovascular physiology

Volumes	Stroke volume = End-diastolic volume - End-systolic volume Cardiac output = Heart rate * Stroke volume Afterload · Preload Frank-Starling law of the heart · Cardiac function curve · Venous return curve Aortic valve area calculation · Ejection fraction · Cardiac index
Interaction diagrams	Cardiac cycle · Wiggers diagram · Pressure volume diagram
Tropism	Chronotropic (Heart rate) · Dromotropic (Conduction velocity) · Inotropic (Contractility) · Batmotropic (Excitability) · Lusitropic (Relaxation)
Conduction system / Cardiac electrophysiology	Cardiac action potential (Atrial action potential, Ventricular action potential) · Effective refractory period · Pacemaker potential · QT interval
Other	Ventricular remodeling

Compliance · Vascular resistance (Total peripheral resistance) · Pulse · Perfusion

Pulse pressure (Systolic - Diastolic) · Mean arterial pressure

Central venous pressure/right atrial pressure → Right ventricular pressure → Pulmonary artery pressure → Pulmonary wedge pressure/left atrial pressure → Left ventricular pressure → Aortic pressure

Jugular venous pressure

Portal venous pressure

Regulation of BP

Baroreflex · Kinin-kallikrein system · Renin-angiotensin system · Vasoconstrictors/Vasodilators · Autoregulation (Myogenic mechanism, Tubuloglomerular feedback)

Endocrine System

v • d • e Endocrine system: hormones/endocrine glands (Peptide hormones, Steroid hormones)
Hypothalamic-pituitary	Hypothalamus: TRH, CRH , GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine - Posterior pituitary: vasopressin, oxytocin - Anterior pituitary: α (FSH, LH, TSH), GH, prolactin, POMC (ACTH, MSH, endorphins, lipotropin)
Adrenal axis	Adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine - Adrenal cortex: aldosterone, cortisol, DHEA
Thyroid axis	Thyroid: thyroid hormone (T₃ and T₄) - calcitonin - Parathyroid: PTH
Gonadal axis	Testis: testosterone, AMH, inhibin - Ovary: estradiol, progesterone, inhibin/activin, relaxin (pregnancy)
Other end. glands	Pancreas: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin - Pineal gland: melatonin
Non-end. glands	Placenta: hCG, HPL, estrogen, progesterone - Kidney: renin, EPO, calcitriol, prostaglandin - Heart atrium: ANP - Stomach: gastrin, ghrelin - Duodenum: CCK, GIP, secretin, motilin, VIP - Ileum: enteroglucagon - Adipose tissue: leptin, adiponectin, resistin - Thymus: Thymosin - Thymopoietin - Thymulin - Skeleton: Osteocalcin - Liver/other: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1, IGF-2)
Target-derived	NGF, BDNF, NT-3

Gastointestinal System

v • d • e Digestive system, physiology: gastrointestinal physiology
Enteric nervous system	Meissner's plexus - Auerbach's plexus
Exocrine	Chief cells (Pepsinogen) - Parietal cells (Gastric acid, Intrinsic factor) - Goblet cells (Mucus)
Endocrine/paracrine	G cells (gastrin), D cells (somatostatin) - ECL cells (Histamine) - enterogastrone: I cells (CCK), K cells (GIP), S cells (secretin)
Border	Brunner's glands - Paneth cells - Enterocytes
Fluids	Saliva - Bile - Intestinal juice - Gastric juice - Pancreatic juice
Processes	Swallowing - Vomiting - Peristalsis (Interstitial cell of Cajal) - Migrating motor complex - Borborygmus - Gastrocolic reflex - Segmentation contractions - Defecation

Pulmonary

v • d • e Respiratory system, physiology: respiratory physiology
Lung volumes	VC · FRC · Vt · dead space · CC calculations: respiratory minute volume · FEV1/FVC ratio devices: spirometry · body plethysmography · peak flow meter
Airways/ ventilation (V)	positive pressure ventilation · breath (inhalation, exhalation) · respiratory rate · respirometer · pulmonary surfactant · compliance · hysteresivity · airway resistance · bronchial hyperresponsiveness · bronchial challenge test · bronchoconstriction/bronchodilation
Blood/ perfusion (Q)	pulmonary circulation · hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction · pulmonary shunt
Interactions/ ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q)	ventilation/perfusion scan · zones of the lung · gas exchange · pulmonary gas pressures · alveolar gas equation · alveolar-arterial gradient · hemoglobin · oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve (2,3-DPG, Bohr effect, Haldane effect) · carbonic anhydrase (chloride shift) · oxyhemoglobin · respiratory quotient · arterial blood gas · diffusion capacity · DLCO
Control of respiration	pons (pneumotaxic center, apneustic center) · medulla (dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group) · chemoreceptors (central, peripheral) · pulmonary stretch receptors (Hering-Breuer reflex)
Insufficiency	high altitude · oxygen toxicity · hypoxia

Renal Physiology

v • d • e Urinary system, physiology: renal physiology and acid base physiology
Filtration	Renal blood flow - Ultrafiltration - Countercurrent exchange
Hormones affecting filtration	Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Aldosterone - Atrial natriuretic peptide
Secretion/clearance	Pharmacokinetics - Clearance of medications
Reabsorption	Solvent drag -Na⁺ - Cl^- -urea -glucose -oligopeptides -protein
Endocrine	Renin - Erythropoietin (EPO) - Calcitriol (Active vitamin D) - Prostaglandins
Assessing Renal function / Measures of dialysis	Glomerular filtration rate - Creatinine clearance - Renal clearance ratio - Urea reduction ratio - Kt/V - Standardized Kt/V - Hemodialysis product - PAH clearance (Effective renal plasma flow - Extraction ratio)
Acid base physiology	Fluid balance - Darrow Yannet diagram - Body water - Interstitial fluid - Extracellular fluid - Intracellular fluid/Cytosol - Plasma - Transcellular fluid - Base excess - Davenport diagram - Anion gap - Arterial blood gas
Buffering/compensation	Bicarbonate buffering system - Respiratory compensation - Renal compensation

Reproductive Physiology

v • d • e Human physiology and endocrinology of reproduction
Anatomy and physiology	Reproductive system (male, female)
Menstrual/Estrous cycle	Menstruation - Follicular phase - Ovulation - Luteal phase
Gametogenesis	Spermatogenesis (spermatogonium, spermatocyte, spermatid, sperm) - Oogenesis (oogonium, oocyte, ootid, ovum) - Germ cell (gonocyte, gamete)
Sexuality	Human sexual behavior - Sexual intercourse - Erection - Ejaculation - Orgasm - Insemination - Fertilisation/Fertility - Masturbation - Pregnancy - Postpartum period
Lifespan	Prenatal development - Sexual dimorphism - Sexual differentiation - Puberty (Menarche, Adrenarche) - Maternal age/Paternal age - Climacteric (Menopause, Andropause)
Eggs	Ovum - Oviposition - Oviparity - Ovoviviparity - Viviparity
Reproductive endocrinology	Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis - Andrology - Hormone

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