The WikiDoc Living Textbook of Anatomy
You don't need to be Editor-In-Chief to add or edit content to WikiDoc. You can begin to add to or edit text on this WikiDoc page by clicking on the edit button at the top of this page. Next enter or edit the information that you would like to appear here. Once you are done editing, scroll down and click the Save page button at the bottom of the page.
Click Here For A Complete Listing Of All Chapters In The Living Textbook Of Anatomy In Alphabetical Order
Below you will find navigational boxes displaying major topics. Click on the right hand [ show ] button to display the entire contents of a navigational box.
General Topics
Cardiovascular System and Arteries
Arteries of torso - abdomen | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AA: Anterior |
| ||||||
| AA: Posterior | visceral: middle suprarenal – renal (inferior suprarenal) – testicular/ovarianparietal: inferior phrenic (superior suprarenal) – lumbar – median sacral terminal: common iliac (IIA, EIA) | ||||||
| IIA: Anterior |
(superior vesical,
to ductus deferens) –
inferior vesical –
middle rectal –
uterine
(azygos of the vagina) –
vaginal –
obturator
(anterior branch,
posterior branch) –
internal pudendal
(inferior rectal,
perineal,
artery of the urethral bulb,
urethral,
deep artery of the penis,
dorsal artery of the penis) –
inferior gluteal
(accompanying of ischiadic nerve,
crucial anastomosis)
| ||||||
| IIA: Posterior | |||||||
| EIA | |||||||
List of arteries of upper limbs | |
|---|---|
| Axillary | scapular anastomosis - 1st part superior thoracic - 2nd part thoracoacromial (deltoid branch) - lateral thoracic - 3rd part subscapular (circumflex scapular, thoracodorsal) - anterior humeral circumflex - posterior humeral circumflex |
| Brachial | profunda brachii (radial collateral, medial collateral) - ulnar collateral artery (superior, inferior) |
| Radial | forearm: radial recurrent
wrist/carpus: dorsal carpal branch - palmar carpal branch hand: superficial palmar branch - princeps pollicis (radial of index finger) |
| Ulnar | forearm: ulnar recurrent (anterior, posterior) - common interosseous (anterior, posterior, recurrent)
wrist/carpus: dorsal carpal branch - palmar carpal branch hand: deep palmar branch |
| Arches | dorsal carpal arch: dorsal metacarpal (dorsal digital)
superficial palmar arch: common palmar digital (proper palmar digital) deep palmar arch: palmar metacarpal |
List of arteries of lower limbs | |
|---|---|
| EI: Femoral | superficial epigastric - superficial iliac circumflex
external pudendal: superficial - deep (anterior scrotal) profunda femoris: lateral circumflex femoral (descending, transverse, ascending) - medial circumflex femoral (ascending, superficial, deep, acetabular) - perforating descending genicular (saphenous branch, articular branches) |
| Popliteal | sural genicular: superior genicular (medial, lateral) - middle genicular - inferior genicular (medial, lateral) |
| Anterior tibial | tibial recurrent (posterior, anterior)
anterior malleolar (medial, lateral) dorsalis pedis: tarsal (medial, lateral) |
| Posterior tibial | circumflex fibular - fibular medial plantar - lateral plantar |
| Arches | arcuate: dorsal metatarsal/first dorsal metatarsal - deep plantar - dorsal digital arteries plantar arch: plantar metatarsal - common plantar digital - proper plantar digital |
Veins
Veins (emissary, jugular and others) and sinuses of head and neck (drainage patterns can vary) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| to external jugular | retromandibular: maxillary • superficial temporal (anterior auricular) transverse cervical - suprascapular - anterior jugular (jugular venous arch) | ||||
| to internal jugular |
| ||||
| to vertebral vein | occipital (occipital) • suboccipital venous plexus deep cervical | ||||
| to brachiocephalic | inferior thyroid (inferior laryngeal) - thymic | ||||
Veins of upper limbs | |
|---|---|
| superficial - hand/forearm | Dorsal digital • Dorsal metacarpal • Dorsal network • Palmar digital • Intercapitular |
| superficial - arm | Cephalic • Median cubital • Accessory cephalic • Basilic • Median antebrachial |
| deep - hand/forearm | Palmar metacarpal • Superficial palmar arch • Deep palmar arch |
| deep - arm | Radial • Ulnar • Brachial • Axillary |
Veins of the torso | |
|---|---|
| Coronary | coronary sinus (great cardiac, left marginal, small cardiac, middle cardiac, posterior of the left ventricle, oblique of the left atrium) • anterior cardiac (right marginal) • pulmonary |
| Thorax/ SVC | brachiocephalic: inferior thyroid - thymic - internal thoracic (anterior intercostal, superior epigastric) - left superior intercostal - supreme - vertebral - internal jugular - subclavian (axillary: lateral thoracic, thoracoepigastric) - pericardiacophrenic azygos: right superior intercostal - bronchial - intercostal/posterior intercostal 5-11 - accessory hemiazygos/hemiazygos - superior phrenic |
| Vertebral column | vertebral venous plexuses (external, internal) • spinal (posterior, anterior) • basivertebral • intervertebral |
| Abdomen/ IVC | to IVC on right and left: renal - hepatic - lumbar
to IVC on right, renal vein on left: inferior phrenic - suprarenal - ovarian/testicular (pampiniform plexus) to azygos system: ascending lumbar (subcostal) |
| Pelvis/common iliac | external iliac: inferior epigastric - deep circumflex iliac vein internal iliac: inferior gluteal - superior gluteal - median sacral vein - lateral sacral - obturator - internal pudendal (inferior rectal) - vesical venous plexus - prostatic venous plexus - deep of penis - vaginal venous plexus - uterine venous plexus - middle rectal - hemorrhoidal |
| Portal system/ portal vein | splenic: short gastric - left gastroepiploic - pancreatic - inferior mesenteric (superior rectal, left colic)
superior mesenteric: right gastroepiploic - pancreaticoduodenal - middle colic - right colic - ileocolic (appendicular) direct (cystic, left gastric, right gastric, paraumbilical) |
| fetal | ductus venosus • umbilical |
Veins of lower limbs | |
|---|---|
| thigh | femoral • profunda femoris • popliteal |
| deep leg | fibular • anterior tibial • posterior tibial |
| superficial leg | small saphenous • great saphenous (external pudendal, superficial of penis ♂/clitoris ♀) |
| foot | dorsal arch • dorsal metatarsal • dorsal digital • plantar arch • plantar metatarsal • common digital • plantar digital |
Lymphatics
Immune system: Lymphatic system (Lymph, Lymphocytes) | |
|---|---|
| Primary | Bone marrow – Thymus (Hassall's corpuscles) |
| Secondary: Spleen (process blood) | Hilum – Trabeculae
Red pulp (Cords of Billroth, Marginal zone) White pulp (Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths, Germinal center) Trabecular arteries – Trabecular veins |
| Secondary: Lymph nodes (process extracellular fluid) | Afferent lymph vessels - Cortical sinuses - Medullary sinuses - Efferent lymph vessels
T cells: High endothelial venules B cells: Primary follicle/Germinal center - Mantle zone - Marginal zone Lymph node capsule - Subcapsular sinus - Cortex - Paracortex - Medulla (Medullary cord) - Hilus Lymph node trabeculae |
| Secondary: MALT (process mucosa) | GALT – Peyer's patches – Germinal center |
Bones
Bones (Axial skeleton, Appendicular skeleton) | |
|---|---|
| VERTEBRAL COLUMN | vertebrae (cervical - thoracic - lumbar) - sacrum - coccyx |
| THORAX | sternum - rib |
| cranial bones of SKULL | occipital - parietal - frontal - temporal - sphenoid - ethmoid |
| facial bones of SKULL | nasal - maxilla - lacrimal - zygomatic - palatine - inferior nasal conchae - vomer - mandible - THROAT: hyoid (greater cornu, lesser cornu, body) |
| UPPER EXTREMITY | SHOULDER GIRDLE:clavicle - scapula - ARM: humerus - ulna - radius- HAND:carpals (scaphoid - lunate bone - triquetral - pisiform - trapezium - trapezoid - capitate - hamate) - metacarpals - phalanges (prox - int - dist) |
| LOWER EXTREMITY | PELVIS:pelvis (ilium, ischium, pubis) - LEG: femur - patella - fibula - tibia - FOOT: tarsals (calcaneus - talus - navicular - cuneiform - cuboid ) - metatarsals - phalanges (prox - int - dist) |
| MIDDLE EAR OSSICLES | malleus - incus - stapes |
Musculoskeletal system, connective tissue: bone and cartilage | |
|---|---|
| Cartilage | perichondrium, fibrocartilage callus, metaphysis
cells (chondroblast, chondrocyte) types (hyaline, elastic, fibrous) |
| Bone | ossification (intramembranous, endochondral, epiphyseal plate)
cycle (osteoblast, osteoid, osteocyte, osteoclast) types (cancellous, cortical) regions (epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis) structure (osteon/Haversian system, Haversian canals, Volkmann's canals, endosteum, periosteum, Sharpey's fibres, enthesis, lacunae, canaliculi, trabeculae, medullary cavity, bone marrow) shapes (long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid) |
Bones of torso | |
|---|---|
| Sternum | Suprasternal notch, Manubrium, Sternal angle, Body of sternum, Xiphisternal joint, Xiphoid process |
| Rib | specific ribs (1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12, false - 8-12, floating - 11-12) - parts (Angle, Tubercle, Costal groove, Neck, Head) |
| General vertebral structures | body of vertebra, vertebral arch (pedicle, lamina, vertebral notch), foramina (vertebral, intervertebral), processes (transverse, articular / zygapophysis, spinous) |
| Cervical vertebrae | C1 (anterior arch, posterior arch, lateral mass), C2 (dens), C3, C4, C5, C6, C7
anterior tubercle, posterior tubercle, foramen transversarium |
| Thoracic vertebrae | T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12
costal facets (superior, inferior, transverse) |
| Lumbar vertebrae | accessory process, mammillary process, L5 |
| Sacrum | pelvic surface (anterior sacral foramina), dorsal surface (posterior sacral foramina, median sacral crest, medial sacral crest, lateral sacral crest), lateral surface (sacral tuberosity), base, sacral hiatus - presacral space - sacral promontory - sacral canal - ala of sacrum - sacrovertebral angle |
Joints | |
|---|---|
| Types | fibrous: Gomphosis - Suture - Syndesmosis
cartilaginous: Synchondrosis - Symphysis synovial: Plane joint - 1° (Hinge joint, Pivot joint) - 2° (Condyloid joint, Saddle joint) - 3° (Ball and socket joint) by range of motion: Synarthrosis - Amphiarthrosis - Diarthrosis |
| Terminology | Kinesiology - Anatomical terms of motion - Agonist/Antagonist |
| Motions | general: Flexion/Extension - Adduction/Abduction - Internal rotation/External rotation - Elevation/Depression
specialized/upper limbs: Protraction/Retraction - Supination/Pronation specialized/lower limbs: Plantarflexion/Dorsiflexion - Eversion/Inversion |
| Components | Articular capsule (Synovial membrane, Fibrous membrane) - Synovial fluid - Bursa - Articular disk |
Nerves
Nerves: spinal nerves | |
|---|---|
| Cervical (8) | anterior (Cervical plexus, Brachial plexus) - posterior (Posterior branches of cervical nerves, Suboccipital, Greater occipital, Third occipital) |
| Thoracic (12) | anterior (Intercostal, Intercostobrachial - T2, Thoraco-abdominal nerves - T7-T11, Subcostal - T12) - posterior (Posterior branches of thoracic nerves) |
| Lumbar (5) | anterior (Lumbar plexus, Lumbosacral trunk) - posterior (Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves, Superior cluneal L1-L3) |
| Sacral (5) | anterior (Sacral plexus) - posterior (Posterior branches of sacral nerves, Medial cluneal nerves) |
| Coccygeal (1) | anterior (Coccygeal plexus) - posterior (Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve) |
Nerves of head and neck: the cranial nerves and nuclei | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| olfactory (AON->I) | olfactory bulb - olfactory tract | ||||||||||
| optic (LGN->II) | optic chiasm - optic tract | ||||||||||
| oculomotor (ON,EWN->III) | superior branch (parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion/ciliary ganglion) - inferior branch | ||||||||||
| trochlear (TN->IV) | no significant branches | ||||||||||
| trigeminal (PSN,TSN,MN,TMN->V) | trigeminal ganglion • ophthalmic • maxillary • mandibular | ||||||||||
| abducens (AN->VI) | no significant branches | ||||||||||
| facial (FMN,SN,SSN->VII) |
| ||||||||||
| vestibulocochlear (VN,CN->VIII) | cochlear (striae medullares, lateral lemniscus) • vestibular (Scarpa's ganglion) | ||||||||||
| glossopharyngeal (NA,ISN,SN->IX) |
| ||||||||||
| vagus (NA,DNVN,SN->X) |
| ||||||||||
| accessory (NA,SAN->XI) | cranial - spinal | ||||||||||
| hypoglossal (HN->XII) | lingual branches | ||||||||||
Nerves of head and neck: the cervical plexus (C1-C4) | |
|---|---|
| superficial | C2-C3: Lesser occipital • Greater auricular • Transverse cervical C3-C4: Supraclavicular |
| deep | C1-C3: Ansa cervicalis (superior root, inferior root) C3-C5: Phrenic |
Nerves of upper limbs (primarily): the brachial plexus (C5-T1) | |
|---|---|
| Supraclavicular | root (dorsal scapular, long thoracic) - upper trunk (suprascapular, to the subclavius) |
| Infraclavicular: lateral cord | lateral pectoral
musculocutaneous (lateral cutaneous of forearm) median/lateral root: anterior interosseous - palmar - recurrent - common palmar digital (proper palmar digital) |
| Infraclavicular: medial cord | medial pectoral
cutaneous: medial cutaneous of forearm • medial cutaneous of arm ulnar: muscular - palmar - dorsal (dorsal digital nerves) - superficial (common palmar digital, proper palmar digital) - deep median/medial root: see above |
| Infraclavicular: posterior cord | subscapular (upper, lower) • thoracodorsal
axillary (superior lateral cutaneous of arm) radial: muscular - cutaneous (posterior of arm, inferior lateral of arm, posterior of forearm) - superficial (dorsal digital nerves) - deep (posterior interosseous) |
| Other | cutaneous innervation of the upper limbs |
Nerves - autonomic nervous system (sympathetic nervous system/ganglion/trunks and parasympathetic nervous system/ganglion) | |
|---|---|
| Head/cranial | Ciliary ganglion: roots (Sensory, Parasympathetic, Sympathetic) - Short ciliary
Pterygopalatine ganglion: deep petrosal - nerve of pterygoid canal |
| Neck/cervical | paravertebral ganglia: Cervical ganglia (Superior, Middle, Inferior) - Stellate ganglion prevertebral plexus: Cavernous plexus - Internal carotid |
| Chest/thorax | paravertebral ganglia: Thoracic ganglia
prevertebral plexus: Cardiac plexus - Esophageal plexus - Pulmonary plexus - Thoracic aortic plexus splanchnic nerves: cardiopulmonary - thoracic cardiac nerves: Superior - Middle - Inferior |
| Abdomen/Lumbar | paravertebral ganglia: Lumbar ganglia
prevertebral ganglia: Celiac ganglia (Aorticorenal) - Superior mesenteric ganglion - Inferior mesenteric ganglion prevertebral plexus: Celiac plexus - (Hepatic, Splenic, Pancreatic) - aorticorenal (Abdominal aortic plexus, Renal/Suprarenal) - Superior mesenteric (Gastric) - Inferior mesenteric (Spermatic, Ovarian) - Superior hypogastric (hypogastric nerve, Superior rectal) - Inferior hypogastric (Vesical, Prostatic/Cavernous nerves of penis, Uterovaginal, Middle rectal) splanchnic nerves: Lumbar splanchnic nerves enteric nervous system: Meissner's plexus • Auerbach's plexus |
| Pelvis/sacral | paravertebral ganglia: Sacral ganglia - Ganglion impar splanchnic nerves: Pelvic splanchnic nerves - Sacral splanchnic nerves |
| All | Rami communicans (White, Gray) - Preganglionic fibers - Postganglionic fibers |
Nerves of lower limbs and lower torso: the lumbosacral plexus (L1-Co) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lumbar plexus (L1-L4) | iliohypogastric: lateral cutaneous branch - anterior cutaneous branch
ilioinguinal: anterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀ genitofemoral: femoral branch/lumboinguinal - genital branch lateral cutaneous of thigh: patellar obturator: anterior (cutaneous) - posterior - accessory femoral: anterior cutaneous branches - saphenous (infrapatellar, medial crural cutaneous) | ||||
| sacral plexus (L4-S4) |
| ||||
| coccygeal plexus (S4-Co) | pudendal: inferior anal - perineal (deep, posterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀) - dorsal of the penis ♂/clitoris ♀ anococcygeal | ||||
| cutaneous innervation of the lower limbs | |||||
Histology: nervous tissue | |
|---|---|
| Neurons (gray matter) | soma - axon (axon hillock, axoplasm, axolemma, neurofibril/neurofilament)
dendrite (Nissl body, dendritic spine, apical dendrite, basal dendrite) types: bipolar - pseudounipolar - multipolar - pyramidal - Purkinje - granule |
| Afferent nerve/Sensory nerve/Sensory neuron | GSA - GVA - SSA - SVA - fibers (Ia, Ib or Golgi, II or Aβ, III or Aδ or fast pain, IV or C or slow pain) |
| Efferent nerve/Motor nerve/Motor neuron | GSE - GVE - SVE - Upper motor neuron - Lower motor neuron (α motorneuron, γ motorneuron) |
| Synapses | neuropil - synaptic vesicle - neuromuscular junction - electrical synapse - Interneuron (Renshaw) |
| Sensory receptors | Meissner's corpuscle - Merkel nerve ending - Pacinian corpuscle - Ruffini ending - Muscle spindle Olfactory receptor neuron - Photoreceptor cell - Hair cell - Taste bud |
| Glial cells | Astrocyte (Radial glia) - Oligodendrocyte - Ependymal cells (Tanycytes) - Microglia |
| Myelination (white matter) | CNS: Oligodendrocyte PNS: Schwann cell - Neurolemma - Nodes of Ranvier/Internode - Schmidt-Lanterman incisures |
| Related connective tissues | epineurium - perineurium - endoneurium - nerve fascicle - meninges |
Nerves - autonomic nervous system (sympathetic nervous system/ganglion/trunks and parasympathetic nervous system/ganglion) | |
|---|---|
| Head/cranial | Ciliary ganglion: roots (Sensory, Parasympathetic, Sympathetic) - Short ciliary
Pterygopalatine ganglion: deep petrosal - nerve of pterygoid canal |
| Neck/cervical | paravertebral ganglia: Cervical ganglia (Superior, Middle, Inferior) - Stellate ganglion prevertebral plexus: Cavernous plexus - Internal carotid |
| Chest/thorax | paravertebral ganglia: Thoracic ganglia
prevertebral plexus: Cardiac plexus - Esophageal plexus - Pulmonary plexus - Thoracic aortic plexus splanchnic nerves: cardiopulmonary - thoracic cardiac nerves: Superior - Middle - Inferior |
| Abdomen/Lumbar | paravertebral ganglia: Lumbar ganglia
prevertebral ganglia: Celiac ganglia (Aorticorenal) - Superior mesenteric ganglion - Inferior mesenteric ganglion prevertebral plexus: Celiac plexus - (Hepatic, Splenic, Pancreatic) - aorticorenal (Abdominal aortic plexus, Renal/Suprarenal) - Superior mesenteric (Gastric) - Inferior mesenteric (Spermatic, Ovarian) - Superior hypogastric (hypogastric nerve, Superior rectal) - Inferior hypogastric (Vesical, Prostatic/Cavernous nerves of penis, Uterovaginal, Middle rectal) splanchnic nerves: Lumbar splanchnic nerves enteric nervous system: Meissner's plexus • Auerbach's plexus |
| Pelvis/sacral | paravertebral ganglia: Sacral ganglia - Ganglion impar splanchnic nerves: Pelvic splanchnic nerves - Sacral splanchnic nerves |
| All | Rami communicans (White, Gray) - Preganglionic fibers - Postganglionic fibers |
Brain: rhombencephalon (hindbrain) | |
|---|---|
| Myelencephalon/medulla | anterior/ventral: Arcuate nucleus of medulla • Pyramid (Decussation) • Olivary body • Inferior olivary nucleus • Anterior median fissure • Ventral respiratory group posterior/dorsal: VII,IX,X: Solitary/tract • XII, X: Dorsal • IX,X,XI: Ambiguus • IX: Inferior salivatory nucleus • Gracile nucleus/Cuneate nucleus/Accessory cuneate nucleus • Area postrema • Posterior median sulcus • Dorsal respiratory group raphe/reticular: Sensory decussation • Reticular formation (Gigantocellular nucleus, Parvocellular reticular nucleus, Ventral reticular nucleus, Lateral reticular nucleus, Paramedian reticular nucleus) • Raphe nuclei (Obscurus, Magnus, Pallidus) tracts: Corticospinal tract (Lateral, Anterior) • Inferior cerebellar peduncle • Olivocerebellar tract • Spinocerebellar (Dorsal, Ventral) • Spinothalamic tract • PCML (Posterior external arcuate fibers, Internal arcuate fibers, Medial lemniscus) • Extrapyramidal (Rubrospinal tract, Vestibulospinal tract, Tectospinal tract) |
| Metencephalon/pons | anterior/ventral: Superior olivary nucleus • Basis pontis (Pontine nuclei, Middle cerebellar peduncles) posterior/dorsal: Pontine tegmentum (Trapezoid body, Superior medullary velum, Locus ceruleus, MLF, Vestibulocerebellar tract, V Principal Spinal & Motor, VI, VII, VII: Superior salivary nucleus) • VIII-c (Dorsal, Anterior)/VIII-v (Lateral, Superior, Medial, Inferior) raphe/reticular: Reticular formation (Caudal pontine reticular nucleus, Oral pontine reticular nucleus, Tegmental pontine reticular nucleus, Paramedian pontine reticular formation) • Median raphe nucleus |
| Metencephalon/cerebellum | Vermis • Flocculus • Arbor vitae • Cerebellar tonsil • Inferior medullary velum Molecular layer (Stellate cell, Basket cell, Parallel fiber) • Purkinje cell layer (Purkinje cell) • Granule cell layer (Golgi cell) • Mossy fibers • Climbing fiber |
| Fourth ventricle | apertures (Median, Lateral) • Rhomboid fossa (Vagal trigone, Hypoglossal trigone, Obex, Sulcus limitans, Facial colliculus, Medial eminence) • Lateral recess |
Muscles
List of muscles of head and neck: the head | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extraocular (CN III, IV, VI) | oblique (inferior, superior) - rectus (superior, inferior, medial, lateral) - levator palpebrae superioris (superior tarsal) | ||||||||
| Mastication (CN V3) | masseter - temporalis - pterygoid (lateral, medial) | ||||||||
| Facial (CN VII) |
| ||||||||
| Mouth/throat (CN IX, X, XI) (except TVP=V3) |
| ||||||||
| Tongue (CN XII) | extrinsic (genioglossus, hyoglossus/chondroglossus, styloglossus) - intrinsic (superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical) | ||||||||
List of muscles of head and neck: the neck | |
|---|---|
| Cervical | CN VII (superficial): platysma CN XI (deep): sternocleidomastoid |
| Suprahyoid | CN V3 (medial): mylohyoid - anterior belly of digastric
CN VII (lateral): stylohyoid - posterior belly of digastric C1 (deep): geniohyoid |
| Infrahyoid/strap | C1: thyrohyoid C1-C3: sternohyoid - sternothyroid - omohyoid |
| Vertebral | C1-C6 (anterior): rectus capitis (anterior, lateralis) - longus (capitis, colli) C3-C8 (lateral): scalene (anterior, medius, posterior) |
List of muscles of torso | |
|---|---|
| BACK | splenius (capitis, cervicis) - erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis) - latissimus dorsi transversospinales: (semispinalis dorsi, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidus, rotatores) - interspinales - intertransversarii |
| SUBOCCIPITAL | rectus capitis posterior (major, minor) - obliquus capitis (inferior, superior) |
| CHEST | intercostales (external, internal, innermost) - subcostales - transversus thoracis - levatores costarum - serratus posterior (inferior, superior) - diaphragm |
| ABDOMEN | anterior/lateral wall: obliques (external, internal) - transversus abdominis - rectus abdominis - pyramidalis
posterior wall: quadratus lumborum - psoas major/psoas minor - iliacus cremaster |
| PELVIS/FLOOR | levator ani (iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, puborectalis) - coccygeus |
| PERINEUM | anal triangle: sphincter ani (externus, internus)
superficial perineal pouch (superficial transverse perineal, bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus) deep perineal pouch (deep transverse perineal, sphincter urethrae membranaceae) |
List of muscles of upper limbs | |
|---|---|
| VERTEBRAL COLUMN | trapezius - latissimus dorsi - rhomboid (major, minor) - levator scapulae |
| THORACIC WALLS | pectoralis major - pectoralis minor - subclavius - serratus anterior |
| SHOULDER | deltoid - rotator cuff (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis) - teres major |
| ARM | anterior compartment: coracobrachialis - biceps brachii - brachialis posterior compartment: triceps brachii - anconeus |
| FOREARM | anterior compartment: superf. - pronator teres - palmaris longus - flexor carpi radialis - flexor carpi ulnaris - flexor digitorum superficialis
anterior compartment: deep - pronator quadratus - flexor digitorum profundus - flexor pollicis longus posterior compartment: superf. - mobile wad (brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis) - extensor digitorum, - extensor digiti minimi - extensor carpi ulnaris posterior compartment: deep - supinator - anatomical snuff box (abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus) - extensor indicis |
| HAND | lateral volar - thenar (opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis) - adductor pollicis
medial volar - hypothenar (opponens digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, abductor minimi digiti) - palmaris brevis intermediate - lumbrical - interossei (dorsal, palmar) |
List of muscles of lower limbs | |
|---|---|
| ILIAC Region / ILIOPSOAS | psoas major/psoas minor - iliacus |
| BUTTOCKS | gluteals: (maximus, medius, minimus) - tensor fasciae latae lateral rotator group: piriformis - inferior gemellus - obturator internus - superior gemellus - quadratus femoris |
| THIGH | anterior compartment: sartorius - quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis) - articularis genu posterior compartment/hamstring: biceps femoris - semitendinosus - semimembranosus medial compartment: pectineus - obturator externus - gracilis - adductor (longus, brevis, magnus) |
| LEG | anterior compartment: tibialis anterior - extensor hallucis longus - extensor digitorum longus - peroneus tertius
posterior compartment: superficial - calf/triceps surae (gastrocnemius, soleus) - plantaris |
| FOOT | dorsal - extensor hallucis brevis - extensor digitorum brevis plantar - 1st layer (abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi) plantar - 2nd layer (quadratus plantae, lumbrical muscle) plantar - 3rd layer (flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis) plantar - 4th layer (dorsal interossei, plantar interossei) |
Reproductive System
Reproductive system | |
|---|---|
| Female | Cervix | Clitoris | Clitoral hood | Fallopian tubes | Bartholin's glands | G-spot | Hymen | Labium | Mammary glands | Ovaries | Skene's glands | Urethra | Uterus | Vagina | Vulva |
| Male | Urethra | Testes | Scrotum | Spermatic cord | Epididymis | Seminiferous tubules | Sertoli cell | Rete testis | Efferent ducts | Vas deferens | Seminal vesicles | Ejaculatory duct | Penis | Corpus cavernosum | Glans penis | Fundiform ligament | Foreskin | Frenulum | Prostate | Bulbourethral glands |
| ||||
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
