The WikiDoc Living Textbook of Anatomy

Jump to: navigation, search

Editorial Board | Preface | How To Use This Book | Get Started Editing Here | Help Menu

Click Here For A Complete Listing Of All Chapters In The Living Textbook Of Anatomy In Alphabetical Order

Below you will find navigational boxes displaying major topics. Click on the right hand [ show ] button to display the entire contents of a navigational box.

General Topics

v • d • e Anatomical planes
Sagittal plane	Median plane - Midclavicular line
Transverse plane	Thoracic plane - Transpyloric plane - Subcostal plane - Umbilical plane - Intertubercular plane - Interspinous plane
Coronal plane	Sternal plane - Midcoronal plane

Cardiovascular System and Arteries

v • d • e Anatomy of torso, cardiovascular system: heart
Structures	atria (interatrial septum, musculi pectinati) • ventricles (interventricular septum, trabeculae carneae, chordae tendinae, papillary muscle) • valves • cusps
Regions	base • apex • grooves (coronary/atrioventricular, interatrial, anterior interventricula, posterior interventricular) • surfaces (sternocostal, diaphragmatic) • borders (right, left)
Right heart	(vena cavae, coronary sinus) → right atrium (auricle, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of the inferior vena cava, valve of the coronary sinus) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle (conus arteriosus, moderator band/septomarginal trabecula) → pulmonary valve → (pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation)
Left heart	(pulmonary veins) → left atrium (auricle) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve (aortic sinus) → (aorta and systemic circulation)
Layers	pericardium: fibrous pericardium • serous pericardium (pericardial cavity, epicardium/visceral layer) • pericardial sinus myocardium • endocardium • cardiac skeleton (fibrous trigone, fibrous rings)
Conduction system	Cardiac pacemaker • SA node • AV node• bundle of His • Purkinje fibers

v • d • e

List of arteries of head and neck

CC/EC

sup. thyroid	superior laryngeal - sternocleidomastoid branch - infrahyoid branch - cricothyroid branch - glandular branches
asc. pharyngeal	posterior meningeal - pharyngeal branches - inferior tympanic
lingual	suprahyoid - dorsal lingual - deep lingual - sublingual
facial	cervical branches (ascending palatine, tonsillar, submental, glandular) - facial branches (inferior labial, superior labial/nasal septum, lateral nasal, angular)
occipital	sternocleidomastoid - meningeal - occipital - auricular - descending
post. auricular	stylomastoid - stapedial - auricular - occipital
sup. temporal	transverse facial - middle temporal (zygomatico-orbital) - anterior auricular - frontal - parietal
maxillary	1st part/mandibular: anterior tympanic - deep auricular - middle meningeal (superior tympanic, petrosal) - accessory meningeal - inferior alveolar (mental, mylohyoid) 2nd part/pterygoid: to muscles of mastication (deep temporal, pterygoid, masseteric) - buccal 3rd part/pterygopalatine: posterior superior alveolar - infraorbital (anterior superior alveolar) - descending palatine (greater palatine, lesser palatine) - artery of the pterygoid canal - sphenopalatine (posterior septal branches, posterior lateral nasal)

CC/IC

cervical	carotid sinus
petrous	Vidian - caroticotympanic
cavernous/ ophthalmic	orbital group: posterior ethmoidal - anterior ethmoidal (anterior septal, anterior lateral nasal, anterior meningeal) - lacrimal (lateral palpebral) - medial palpebral - terminal (supraorbital, supratrochlear, dorsal nasal) ocular group: central retinal - ciliary (short posterior, long posterior, anterior) - hypophysial (superior, inferior)
cerebral/Willis	ACA (anterior communicating) - MCA (anterolateral central, lenticulostriate) - posterior communicating - anterior choroidal

vertebral artery	meningeal - spinal (posterior, anterior) - cerebellar (PICA) basilar: pontine - labyrinthine - cerebellar (AICA, SCA) - cerebral (PCA)
thyrocervical trunk	inferior thyroid: inferior laryngeal - tracheal - esophageal - ascending cervical - pharyngeal - glandular branches transverse cervical: superficial branch - deep branch/dorsal scapular suprascapular: acromial branch
costocervical trunk	deep cervical

v • d • e

Arteries of torso - abdomen

AA:
Anterior

celiac	left gastric splenic: pancreatic branches (arteria pancreatica magna) – short gastric – left gastro-omental common hepatic: proper hepatic (cystic), right gastric, gastroduodenal (right gastro-omental, superior pancreaticoduodenal)
SMA	inferior pancreaticoduodenal – intestinal – ileocolic (appendicular) – right colic – middle colic
IMA	left colic – sigmoid – superior rectal – marginal

AA:
Posterior

visceral: middle suprarenal – renal (inferior suprarenal) – testicular/ovarian
parietal: inferior phrenic (superior suprarenal) – lumbar – median sacral
terminal: common iliac (IIA, EIA)

IIA:
Anterior

umbilical (superior vesical, to ductus deferens) – inferior vesical – middle rectal – uterine (azygos of the vagina) – vaginal – obturator (anterior branch, posterior branch) – internal pudendal (inferior rectal, perineal, artery of the urethral bulb, urethral, deep artery of the penis, dorsal artery of the penis) – inferior gluteal (accompanying of ischiadic nerve, crucial anastomosis)

IIA:
Posterior

iliolumbar – lateral sacral – superior gluteal

EIA

inferior epigastric (cremasteric) – deep circumflex iliac

v • d • e List of arteries of upper limbs
Axillary	scapular anastomosis - 1st part superior thoracic - 2nd part thoracoacromial (deltoid branch) - lateral thoracic - 3rd part subscapular (circumflex scapular, thoracodorsal) - anterior humeral circumflex - posterior humeral circumflex
Brachial	profunda brachii (radial collateral, medial collateral) - ulnar collateral artery (superior, inferior)
Radial	forearm: radial recurrent wrist/carpus: dorsal carpal branch - palmar carpal branch hand: superficial palmar branch - princeps pollicis (radial of index finger)
Ulnar	forearm: ulnar recurrent (anterior, posterior) - common interosseous (anterior, posterior, recurrent) wrist/carpus: dorsal carpal branch - palmar carpal branch hand: deep palmar branch
Arches	dorsal carpal arch: dorsal metacarpal (dorsal digital) palmar carpal arch superficial palmar arch: common palmar digital (proper palmar digital) deep palmar arch: palmar metacarpal

v • d • e List of arteries of lower limbs
EI: Femoral	superficial epigastric - superficial iliac circumflex external pudendal: superficial - deep (anterior scrotal) profunda femoris: lateral circumflex femoral (descending, transverse, ascending) - medial circumflex femoral (ascending, superficial, deep, acetabular) - perforating descending genicular (saphenous branch, articular branches)
Popliteal	sural genicular: superior genicular (medial, lateral) - middle genicular - inferior genicular (medial, lateral)
Anterior tibial	tibial recurrent (posterior, anterior) anterior malleolar (medial, lateral) dorsalis pedis: tarsal (medial, lateral)
Posterior tibial	circumflex fibular - fibular medial plantar - lateral plantar
Arches	arcuate: dorsal metatarsal/first dorsal metatarsal - deep plantar - dorsal digital arteries plantar arch: plantar metatarsal - common plantar digital - proper plantar digital

Veins

v • d • e

Veins (emissary, jugular and others) and sinuses of head and neck (drainage patterns can vary)

to external jugular

retromandibular: maxillary • superficial temporal (anterior auricular)

posterior auricular

transverse cervical - suprascapular - anterior jugular (jugular venous arch)

to internal jugular

Diploic/brain

cerebral: superior • middle • inferior • great • internal (basal, superior thalamostriate)

cerebellar: superior • inferior

To COS: superior sagittal • straight (inferior sagittal) • occipital

To CS: sphenoparietal • intercavernous
superior ophthalmic (ethmoidal, central retinal, nasofrontal) • inferior ophthalmic • vorticose veins

To IJV: sigmoid: transverse (petrosquamous) • superior petrosal
inferior petrosal (basilar plexus, internal auditory veins) - condylar

Other

common facial • facial (frontal, supraorbital, angular, superior labial, inferior labial, deep facial) • pterygoid plexus
lingual (dorsal lingual, deep lingual, sublingual) • pharyngeal • thyroid (superior/superior laryngeal, middle)

to vertebral vein

occipital (occipital) • suboccipital venous plexus
deep cervical

to brachiocephalic

inferior thyroid (inferior laryngeal) - thymic

v • d • e Veins of upper limbs
superficial - hand/forearm	Dorsal digital • Dorsal metacarpal • Dorsal network • Palmar digital • Intercapitular
superficial - arm	Cephalic • Median cubital • Accessory cephalic • Basilic • Median antebrachial
deep - hand/forearm	Palmar metacarpal • Superficial palmar arch • Deep palmar arch
deep - arm	Radial • Ulnar • Brachial • Axillary

v • d • e Veins of the torso
Coronary	coronary sinus (great cardiac, left marginal, small cardiac, middle cardiac, posterior of the left ventricle, oblique of the left atrium) • anterior cardiac (right marginal) • pulmonary
Thorax/ SVC	brachiocephalic: inferior thyroid - thymic - internal thoracic (anterior intercostal, superior epigastric) - left superior intercostal - supreme - vertebral - internal jugular - subclavian (axillary: lateral thoracic, thoracoepigastric) - pericardiacophrenic azygos: right superior intercostal - bronchial - intercostal/posterior intercostal 5-11 - accessory hemiazygos/hemiazygos - superior phrenic
Vertebral column	vertebral venous plexuses (external, internal) • spinal (posterior, anterior) • basivertebral • intervertebral
Abdomen/ IVC	to IVC on right and left: renal - hepatic - lumbar to IVC on right, renal vein on left: inferior phrenic - suprarenal - ovarian/testicular (pampiniform plexus) to azygos system: ascending lumbar (subcostal)
Pelvis/common iliac	external iliac: inferior epigastric - deep circumflex iliac vein internal iliac: inferior gluteal - superior gluteal - median sacral vein - lateral sacral - obturator - internal pudendal (inferior rectal) - vesical venous plexus - prostatic venous plexus - deep of penis - vaginal venous plexus - uterine venous plexus - middle rectal - hemorrhoidal
Portal system/ portal vein	splenic: short gastric - left gastroepiploic - pancreatic - inferior mesenteric (superior rectal, left colic) superior mesenteric: right gastroepiploic - pancreaticoduodenal - middle colic - right colic - ileocolic (appendicular) direct (cystic, left gastric, right gastric, paraumbilical)
fetal	ductus venosus • umbilical

v • d • e Veins of lower limbs
thigh	femoral • profunda femoris • popliteal
deep leg	fibular • anterior tibial • posterior tibial
superficial leg	small saphenous • great saphenous (external pudendal, superficial of penis ♂/clitoris ♀)
foot	dorsal arch • dorsal metatarsal • dorsal digital • plantar arch • plantar metatarsal • common digital • plantar digital

Lymphatics

v • d • e Immune system: Lymphatic system (Lymph, Lymphocytes)
Primary	Bone marrow – Thymus (Hassall's corpuscles)
Secondary: Spleen (process blood)	Hilum – Trabeculae Red pulp (Cords of Billroth, Marginal zone) White pulp (Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths, Germinal center) Trabecular arteries – Trabecular veins
Secondary: Lymph nodes (process extracellular fluid)	Afferent lymph vessels - Cortical sinuses - Medullary sinuses - Efferent lymph vessels T cells: High endothelial venules B cells: Primary follicle/Germinal center - Mantle zone - Marginal zone Lymph node capsule - Subcapsular sinus - Cortex - Paracortex - Medulla (Medullary cord) - Hilus Lymph node trabeculae
Secondary: MALT (process mucosa)	GALT – Peyer's patches – Germinal center

Bones

v • d • e Bones (Axial skeleton, Appendicular skeleton)
VERTEBRAL COLUMN	vertebrae (cervical - thoracic - lumbar) - sacrum - coccyx
THORAX	sternum - rib
cranial bones of SKULL	occipital - parietal - frontal - temporal - sphenoid - ethmoid
facial bones of SKULL	nasal - maxilla - lacrimal - zygomatic - palatine - inferior nasal conchae - vomer - mandible - THROAT: hyoid (greater cornu, lesser cornu, body)
UPPER EXTREMITY	SHOULDER GIRDLE:clavicle - scapula - ARM: humerus - ulna - radius- HAND:carpals (scaphoid - lunate bone - triquetral - pisiform - trapezium - trapezoid - capitate - hamate) - metacarpals - phalanges (prox - int - dist)
LOWER EXTREMITY	PELVIS:pelvis (ilium, ischium, pubis) - LEG: femur - patella - fibula - tibia - FOOT: tarsals (calcaneus - talus - navicular - cuneiform - cuboid ) - metatarsals - phalanges (prox - int - dist)
MIDDLE EAR OSSICLES	malleus - incus - stapes

v • d • e

Musculoskeletal system, connective tissue: bone and cartilage

Cartilage

perichondrium, fibrocartilage callus, metaphysis

cells (chondroblast, chondrocyte)

types (hyaline, elastic, fibrous)

Bone

ossification (intramembranous, endochondral, epiphyseal plate)

cycle (osteoblast, osteoid, osteocyte, osteoclast)

types (cancellous, cortical)

regions (epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis)

structure (osteon/Haversian system, Haversian canals, Volkmann's canals, endosteum, periosteum, Sharpey's fibres, enthesis, lacunae, canaliculi, trabeculae, medullary cavity, bone marrow)

shapes (long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid)

v • d • e Bones of torso
Sternum	Suprasternal notch, Manubrium, Sternal angle, Body of sternum, Xiphisternal joint, Xiphoid process
Rib	specific ribs (1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12, false - 8-12, floating - 11-12) - parts (Angle, Tubercle, Costal groove, Neck, Head)
General vertebral structures	body of vertebra, vertebral arch (pedicle, lamina, vertebral notch), foramina (vertebral, intervertebral), processes (transverse, articular / zygapophysis, spinous)
Cervical vertebrae	C1 (anterior arch, posterior arch, lateral mass), C2 (dens), C3, C4, C5, C6, C7 anterior tubercle, posterior tubercle, foramen transversarium
Thoracic vertebrae	T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12 costal facets (superior, inferior, transverse)
Lumbar vertebrae	accessory process, mammillary process, L5
Sacrum	pelvic surface (anterior sacral foramina), dorsal surface (posterior sacral foramina, median sacral crest, medial sacral crest, lateral sacral crest), lateral surface (sacral tuberosity), base, sacral hiatus - presacral space - sacral promontory - sacral canal - ala of sacrum - sacrovertebral angle

v • d • e Joints
Types	fibrous: Gomphosis - Suture - Syndesmosis cartilaginous: Synchondrosis - Symphysis synovial: Plane joint - 1° (Hinge joint, Pivot joint) - 2° (Condyloid joint, Saddle joint) - 3° (Ball and socket joint) by range of motion: Synarthrosis - Amphiarthrosis - Diarthrosis
Terminology	Kinesiology - Anatomical terms of motion - Agonist/Antagonist
Motions	general: Flexion/Extension - Adduction/Abduction - Internal rotation/External rotation - Elevation/Depression specialized/upper limbs: Protraction/Retraction - Supination/Pronation specialized/lower limbs: Plantarflexion/Dorsiflexion - Eversion/Inversion
Components	Articular capsule (Synovial membrane, Fibrous membrane) - Synovial fluid - Bursa - Articular disk

Nerves

v • d • e Nerves: spinal nerves
Cervical (8)	anterior (Cervical plexus, Brachial plexus) - posterior (Posterior branches of cervical nerves, Suboccipital, Greater occipital, Third occipital)
Thoracic (12)	anterior (Intercostal, Intercostobrachial - T2, Thoraco-abdominal nerves - T7-T11, Subcostal - T12) - posterior (Posterior branches of thoracic nerves)
Lumbar (5)	anterior (Lumbar plexus, Lumbosacral trunk) - posterior (Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves, Superior cluneal L1-L3)
Sacral (5)	anterior (Sacral plexus) - posterior (Posterior branches of sacral nerves, Medial cluneal nerves)
Coccygeal (1)	anterior (Coccygeal plexus) - posterior (Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve)

v • d • e

Nerves of head and neck: the cranial nerves and nuclei

olfactory (AON->I)

olfactory bulb - olfactory tract

optic (LGN->II)

optic chiasm - optic tract

oculomotor (ON,EWN->III)

superior branch (parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion/ciliary ganglion) - inferior branch

trochlear (TN->IV)

no significant branches

trigeminal (PSN,TSN,MN,TMN->V)

trigeminal ganglion • ophthalmic • maxillary • mandibular

abducens (AN->VI)

no significant branches

facial (FMN,SN,SSN->VII)

near origin	nervus intermedius • geniculate
inside facial canal	greater petrosal (pterygopalatine ganglion) - nerve to the stapedius - chorda tympani (lingual nerve, submandibular ganglion)
at stylomastoid foramen	posterior auricular - suprahyoid (digastric, stylohyoid) - parotid plexus (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical)

vestibulocochlear (VN,CN->VIII)

cochlear (striae medullares, lateral lemniscus) • vestibular (Scarpa's ganglion)

glossopharyngeal (NA,ISN,SN->IX)

before jugular fossa	ganglia (superior, inferior)
after jugular fossa	tympanic (tympanic plexus, lesser petrosal, otic ganglion) • stylopharyngeal branch • pharyngeal branches • tonsillar branches • lingual branches • carotid sinus

vagus (NA,DNVN,SN->X)

before jugular fossa	ganglia (superior, inferior)
after jugular fossa	meningeal branch - auricular branch
neck	pharyngeal branch (pharyngeal plexus) - superior laryngeal (external, internal) - recurrent laryngeal (inferior) - superior cervical cardiac
thorax	inferior cardiac - pulmonary - vagal trunks (anterior, posterior)
abdomen	celiac - renal - hepatic - anterior gastric - posterior gastric

accessory (NA,SAN->XI)

cranial - spinal

hypoglossal (HN->XII)

lingual branches

v • d • e Nerves of head and neck: the cervical plexus (C1-C4)
superficial	C2-C3: Lesser occipital • Greater auricular • Transverse cervical C3-C4: Supraclavicular
deep	C1-C3: Ansa cervicalis (superior root, inferior root) C3-C5: Phrenic

v • d • e Nerves of upper limbs (primarily): the brachial plexus (C5-T1)
Supraclavicular	root (dorsal scapular, long thoracic) - upper trunk (suprascapular, to the subclavius)
Infraclavicular: lateral cord	lateral pectoral musculocutaneous (lateral cutaneous of forearm) median/lateral root: anterior interosseous - palmar - recurrent - common palmar digital (proper palmar digital)
Infraclavicular: medial cord	medial pectoral cutaneous: medial cutaneous of forearm • medial cutaneous of arm ulnar: muscular - palmar - dorsal (dorsal digital nerves) - superficial (common palmar digital, proper palmar digital) - deep median/medial root: see above
Infraclavicular: posterior cord	subscapular (upper, lower) • thoracodorsal axillary (superior lateral cutaneous of arm) radial: muscular - cutaneous (posterior of arm, inferior lateral of arm, posterior of forearm) - superficial (dorsal digital nerves) - deep (posterior interosseous)
Other	cutaneous innervation of the upper limbs

v • d • e Nerves - autonomic nervous system (sympathetic nervous system/ganglion/trunks and parasympathetic nervous system/ganglion)
Head/cranial	Ciliary ganglion: roots (Sensory, Parasympathetic, Sympathetic) - Short ciliary Pterygopalatine ganglion: deep petrosal - nerve of pterygoid canal branches of distribution: greater palatine (inferior posterior nasal branches) - lesser palatine - nasopalatine (medial superior posterior nasal branches) - pharyngeal Submandibular ganglion Otic ganglion
Neck/cervical	paravertebral ganglia: Cervical ganglia (Superior, Middle, Inferior) - Stellate ganglion prevertebral plexus: Cavernous plexus - Internal carotid
Chest/thorax	paravertebral ganglia: Thoracic ganglia prevertebral plexus: Cardiac plexus - Esophageal plexus - Pulmonary plexus - Thoracic aortic plexus splanchnic nerves: cardiopulmonary - thoracic cardiac nerves: Superior - Middle - Inferior
Abdomen/Lumbar	paravertebral ganglia: Lumbar ganglia prevertebral ganglia: Celiac ganglia (Aorticorenal) - Superior mesenteric ganglion - Inferior mesenteric ganglion prevertebral plexus: Celiac plexus - (Hepatic, Splenic, Pancreatic) - aorticorenal (Abdominal aortic plexus, Renal/Suprarenal) - Superior mesenteric (Gastric) - Inferior mesenteric (Spermatic, Ovarian) - Superior hypogastric (hypogastric nerve, Superior rectal) - Inferior hypogastric (Vesical, Prostatic/Cavernous nerves of penis, Uterovaginal, Middle rectal) splanchnic nerves: Lumbar splanchnic nerves enteric nervous system: Meissner's plexus • Auerbach's plexus
Pelvis/sacral	paravertebral ganglia: Sacral ganglia - Ganglion impar splanchnic nerves: Pelvic splanchnic nerves - Sacral splanchnic nerves
All	Rami communicans (White, Gray) - Preganglionic fibers - Postganglionic fibers

v • d • e

Nerves of lower limbs and lower torso: the lumbosacral plexus (L1-Co)

lumbar plexus (L1-L4)

iliohypogastric: lateral cutaneous branch - anterior cutaneous branch

ilioinguinal: anterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀

genitofemoral: femoral branch/lumboinguinal - genital branch

lateral cutaneous of thigh: patellar

obturator: anterior (cutaneous) - posterior - accessory

femoral: anterior cutaneous branches - saphenous (infrapatellar, medial crural cutaneous)

sacral plexus (L4-S4)

sciatic

common fibular: lateral sural cutaneous (sural communicating branch) - deep fibular (lateral terminal branch, medial terminal branch, dorsal digital) - superficial fibular (medial dorsal cutaneous, intermediate dorsal cutaneous, dorsal digital)

tibial: medial sural cutaneous - medial calcaneal - medial plantar (common plantar digital nerves, proper plantar digital) - lateral plantar (deep branch, superficial branch, common plantar digital, proper plantar digital)

sural: lateral dorsal cutaneous - lateral calcaneal

other

muscular: superior gluteal/inferior gluteal - lateral rotator group (to quadratus femoris, to obturator internus, to the piriformis)
cutaneous: posterior cutaneous of thigh (inferior cluneal, perineal branches) - perforating cutaneous

coccygeal plexus (S4-Co)

pudendal: inferior anal - perineal (deep, posterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀) - dorsal of the penis ♂/clitoris ♀
anococcygeal

cutaneous innervation of the lower limbs

v • d • e Histology: nervous tissue
Neurons (gray matter)	soma - axon (axon hillock, axoplasm, axolemma, neurofibril/neurofilament) dendrite (Nissl body, dendritic spine, apical dendrite, basal dendrite) types: bipolar - pseudounipolar - multipolar - pyramidal - Purkinje - granule
Afferent nerve/Sensory nerve/Sensory neuron	GSA - GVA - SSA - SVA - fibers (Ia, Ib or Golgi, II or Aβ, III or Aδ or fast pain, IV or C or slow pain)
Efferent nerve/Motor nerve/Motor neuron	GSE - GVE - SVE - Upper motor neuron - Lower motor neuron (α motorneuron, γ motorneuron)
Synapses	neuropil - synaptic vesicle - neuromuscular junction - electrical synapse - Interneuron (Renshaw)
Sensory receptors	Meissner's corpuscle - Merkel nerve ending - Pacinian corpuscle - Ruffini ending - Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Olfactory receptor neuron - Photoreceptor cell - Hair cell - Taste bud
Glial cells	Astrocyte (Radial glia) - Oligodendrocyte - Ependymal cells (Tanycytes) - Microglia
Myelination (white matter)	CNS: Oligodendrocyte PNS: Schwann cell - Neurolemma - Nodes of Ranvier/Internode - Schmidt-Lanterman incisures
Related connective tissues	epineurium - perineurium - endoneurium - nerve fascicle - meninges

v • d • e Nerves - autonomic nervous system (sympathetic nervous system/ganglion/trunks and parasympathetic nervous system/ganglion)
Head/cranial	Ciliary ganglion: roots (Sensory, Parasympathetic, Sympathetic) - Short ciliary Pterygopalatine ganglion: deep petrosal - nerve of pterygoid canal branches of distribution: greater palatine (inferior posterior nasal branches) - lesser palatine - nasopalatine (medial superior posterior nasal branches) - pharyngeal Submandibular ganglion Otic ganglion
Neck/cervical	paravertebral ganglia: Cervical ganglia (Superior, Middle, Inferior) - Stellate ganglion prevertebral plexus: Cavernous plexus - Internal carotid
Chest/thorax	paravertebral ganglia: Thoracic ganglia prevertebral plexus: Cardiac plexus - Esophageal plexus - Pulmonary plexus - Thoracic aortic plexus splanchnic nerves: cardiopulmonary - thoracic cardiac nerves: Superior - Middle - Inferior
Abdomen/Lumbar	paravertebral ganglia: Lumbar ganglia prevertebral ganglia: Celiac ganglia (Aorticorenal) - Superior mesenteric ganglion - Inferior mesenteric ganglion prevertebral plexus: Celiac plexus - (Hepatic, Splenic, Pancreatic) - aorticorenal (Abdominal aortic plexus, Renal/Suprarenal) - Superior mesenteric (Gastric) - Inferior mesenteric (Spermatic, Ovarian) - Superior hypogastric (hypogastric nerve, Superior rectal) - Inferior hypogastric (Vesical, Prostatic/Cavernous nerves of penis, Uterovaginal, Middle rectal) splanchnic nerves: Lumbar splanchnic nerves enteric nervous system: Meissner's plexus • Auerbach's plexus
Pelvis/sacral	paravertebral ganglia: Sacral ganglia - Ganglion impar splanchnic nerves: Pelvic splanchnic nerves - Sacral splanchnic nerves
All	Rami communicans (White, Gray) - Preganglionic fibers - Postganglionic fibers

v • d • e Brain: rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
Myelencephalon/medulla	anterior/ventral: Arcuate nucleus of medulla • Pyramid (Decussation) • Olivary body • Inferior olivary nucleus • Anterior median fissure • Ventral respiratory group posterior/dorsal: VII,IX,X: Solitary/tract • XII, X: Dorsal • IX,X,XI: Ambiguus • IX: Inferior salivatory nucleus • Gracile nucleus/Cuneate nucleus/Accessory cuneate nucleus • Area postrema • Posterior median sulcus • Dorsal respiratory group raphe/reticular: Sensory decussation • Reticular formation (Gigantocellular nucleus, Parvocellular reticular nucleus, Ventral reticular nucleus, Lateral reticular nucleus, Paramedian reticular nucleus) • Raphe nuclei (Obscurus, Magnus, Pallidus) tracts: Corticospinal tract (Lateral, Anterior) • Inferior cerebellar peduncle • Olivocerebellar tract • Spinocerebellar (Dorsal, Ventral) • Spinothalamic tract • PCML (Posterior external arcuate fibers, Internal arcuate fibers, Medial lemniscus) • Extrapyramidal (Rubrospinal tract, Vestibulospinal tract, Tectospinal tract)
Metencephalon/pons	anterior/ventral: Superior olivary nucleus • Basis pontis (Pontine nuclei, Middle cerebellar peduncles) posterior/dorsal: Pontine tegmentum (Trapezoid body, Superior medullary velum, Locus ceruleus, MLF, Vestibulocerebellar tract, V Principal Spinal & Motor, VI, VII, VII: Superior salivary nucleus) • VIII-c (Dorsal, Anterior)/VIII-v (Lateral, Superior, Medial, Inferior) raphe/reticular: Reticular formation (Caudal pontine reticular nucleus, Oral pontine reticular nucleus, Tegmental pontine reticular nucleus, Paramedian pontine reticular formation) • Median raphe nucleus Apneustic center • Pneumotaxic center
Metencephalon/cerebellum	Vermis • Flocculus • Arbor vitae • Cerebellar tonsil • Inferior medullary velum Molecular layer (Stellate cell, Basket cell, Parallel fiber) • Purkinje cell layer (Purkinje cell) • Granule cell layer (Golgi cell) • Mossy fibers • Climbing fiber Deep cerebellar nuclei (Dentate, Emboliform, Globose, Fastigial)
Fourth ventricle	apertures (Median, Lateral) • Rhomboid fossa (Vagal trigone, Hypoglossal trigone, Obex, Sulcus limitans, Facial colliculus, Medial eminence) • Lateral recess

Muscles

v • d • e

List of muscles of head and neck: the head

Extraocular (CN III, IV, VI)

oblique (inferior, superior) - rectus (superior, inferior, medial, lateral) - levator palpebrae superioris (superior tarsal)

Mastication (CN V3)

masseter - temporalis - pterygoid (lateral, medial)

Facial (CN VII)

Ear	auriculares (anterior, superior, posterior) - temporoparietalis
Scalp/eyelid	occipitofrontalis (occipitalis, frontalis) - orbicularis oculi (depressor supercilii) - corrugator supercilii
Nose	procerus - nasalis (dilatator naris) - depressor septi nasi - levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
Mouth	levator anguli oris - levator labii superioris - zygomaticus (major, minor) orbicularis oris - risorius - buccinator depressor anguli oris - depressor labii inferioris - mentalis

Mouth/throat (CN IX, X, XI)
(except TVP=V3)

Soft palate	veli palatini (tensor, levator) - musculus uvulae - palatopharyngeus (to pharnyx) - palatoglossus (to tongue)
Pharynx	pharyngeal constrictor (superior, middle, inferior) - longitudinal (stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus)
Larynx	cricothyroid - cricoarytenoid (posterior, lateral) - arytenoid (oblique arytenoid/aryepiglottic, transverse arytenoid) - thyroarytenoid (vocal, thyroepiglottic)

Tongue (CN XII)

extrinsic (genioglossus, hyoglossus/chondroglossus, styloglossus) - intrinsic (superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical)

v • d • e List of muscles of head and neck: the neck
Cervical	CN VII (superficial): platysma CN XI (deep): sternocleidomastoid
Suprahyoid	CN V3 (medial): mylohyoid - anterior belly of digastric CN VII (lateral): stylohyoid - posterior belly of digastric C1 (deep): geniohyoid
Infrahyoid/strap	C1: thyrohyoid C1-C3: sternohyoid - sternothyroid - omohyoid
Vertebral	C1-C6 (anterior): rectus capitis (anterior, lateralis) - longus (capitis, colli) C3-C8 (lateral): scalene (anterior, medius, posterior)

v • d • e List of muscles of torso
BACK	splenius (capitis, cervicis) - erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis) - latissimus dorsi transversospinales: (semispinalis dorsi, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidus, rotatores) - interspinales - intertransversarii
SUBOCCIPITAL	rectus capitis posterior (major, minor) - obliquus capitis (inferior, superior)
CHEST	intercostales (external, internal, innermost) - subcostales - transversus thoracis - levatores costarum - serratus posterior (inferior, superior) - diaphragm
ABDOMEN	anterior/lateral wall: obliques (external, internal) - transversus abdominis - rectus abdominis - pyramidalis posterior wall: quadratus lumborum - psoas major/psoas minor - iliacus cremaster
PELVIS/FLOOR	levator ani (iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, puborectalis) - coccygeus
PERINEUM	anal triangle: sphincter ani (externus, internus) superficial perineal pouch (superficial transverse perineal, bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus) deep perineal pouch (deep transverse perineal, sphincter urethrae membranaceae)

v • d • e List of muscles of upper limbs
VERTEBRAL COLUMN	trapezius - latissimus dorsi - rhomboid (major, minor) - levator scapulae
THORACIC WALLS	pectoralis major - pectoralis minor - subclavius - serratus anterior
SHOULDER	deltoid - rotator cuff (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis) - teres major
ARM	anterior compartment: coracobrachialis - biceps brachii - brachialis posterior compartment: triceps brachii - anconeus
FOREARM	anterior compartment: superf. - pronator teres - palmaris longus - flexor carpi radialis - flexor carpi ulnaris - flexor digitorum superficialis anterior compartment: deep - pronator quadratus - flexor digitorum profundus - flexor pollicis longus posterior compartment: superf. - mobile wad (brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis) - extensor digitorum, - extensor digiti minimi - extensor carpi ulnaris posterior compartment: deep - supinator - anatomical snuff box (abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus) - extensor indicis
HAND	lateral volar - thenar (opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis) - adductor pollicis medial volar - hypothenar (opponens digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, abductor minimi digiti) - palmaris brevis intermediate - lumbrical - interossei (dorsal, palmar)

v • d • e List of muscles of lower limbs
ILIAC Region / ILIOPSOAS	psoas major/psoas minor - iliacus
BUTTOCKS	gluteals: (maximus, medius, minimus) - tensor fasciae latae lateral rotator group: piriformis - inferior gemellus - obturator internus - superior gemellus - quadratus femoris
THIGH	anterior compartment: sartorius - quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis) - articularis genu posterior compartment/hamstring: biceps femoris - semitendinosus - semimembranosus medial compartment: pectineus - obturator externus - gracilis - adductor (longus, brevis, magnus)
LEG	anterior compartment: tibialis anterior - extensor hallucis longus - extensor digitorum longus - peroneus tertius posterior compartment: superficial - calf/triceps surae (gastrocnemius, soleus) - plantaris posterior compartment: deep - tarsal tunnel (flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior) - popliteus lateral compartment: peroneus muscles (longus, brevis)
FOOT	dorsal - extensor hallucis brevis - extensor digitorum brevis plantar - 1st layer (abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi) plantar - 2nd layer (quadratus plantae, lumbrical muscle) plantar - 3rd layer (flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis) plantar - 4th layer (dorsal interossei, plantar interossei)

Reproductive System

v • d • e Reproductive system
Female	Cervix \| Clitoris \| Clitoral hood \| Fallopian tubes \| Bartholin's glands \| G-spot \| Hymen \| Labium \| Mammary glands \| Ovaries \| Skene's glands \| Urethra \| Uterus \| Vagina \| Vulva
Male	Urethra \| Testes \| Scrotum \| Spermatic cord \| Epididymis \| Seminiferous tubules \| Sertoli cell \| Rete testis \| Efferent ducts \| Vas deferens \| Seminal vesicles \| Ejaculatory duct \| Penis \| Corpus cavernosum \| Glans penis \| Fundiform ligament \| Foreskin \| Frenulum \| Prostate \| Bulbourethral glands