Th-stopping
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Background
Th-stopping is the realization of the dental fricatives Template:IPA as stops, which occurs in several dialects of English. In some accents, such as Hiberno-English, some varieties of Newfoundland English, some varieties of New York-New Jersey English, and Indian English, they are realized as the dental stops Template:IPA and as such do not merge with the alveolar stops Template:IPA. Thus pairs like tin/thin and den/then are not homophonous (Wells 1982: 428–29, 498, 500, 515).[1] In other accents, such as Caribbean English and Liberian English, such pairs are merged (Wells 1982: 565–66, 635).[1]
For some New Yorkers, the fricatives Template:IPA and Template:IPA are pronounced as affricatives or stops, rather than as fricatives. Usually they remain dental, so that the oppositions Template:IPA and Template:IPA are not lost. Thus thanks may be pronounced Template:IPA, Template:IPA or Template:IPA in decreasing order of statusfulness, all are distinct from tanks. The Template:IPA variant has a weakish articulation. the Template:IPA opposition may be lost, exceptionally in the environment of a following Template:IPA (making three homophonous with tree), and in the case of the word with, (so that with a may rhyme with the nonrhotic pronunciation of "bitter-bidder"; with you may be Template:IPA, following the same yod-coalescence rule as hit you. These pronunciation are all stigmatized.
The Template:IPA opposition seems to be lost more readily, though not as readily as the Brooklynese stereotype might lead one to believe. As in many other places, initial Template:IPA is subject to assimilation or deletion in a range of environments in relatively informal and/or popular speech, e.g. who's there Template:IPA; as in many other places, it is also subject to stopping there Template:IPA. This option extends to one or two words in which the Template:IPA is not initial, e.g. other, which can thus become a homonym of utter-udder. But it would not be usual for southern to be pronounced identically with sudden or breathe with breed.
In African American Vernacular English, in the words with and nothing, Template:IPA may occur corresponding to standard Template:IPA, thus Template:IPA for with and Template:IPA for nothing. (Wolfram 1969:83) Th-stopping is also reported for some other non-initial Template:IPAs, apparently particularly when preceded by a nasal and followed by a plosive, as keep your mout closed (Wolfram 1969:90). In initial position, Template:IPA occurs in AAVE just as in standard accents: thin is Template:IPA, without the stopping of West Indian accents. (Wolfram 1969:130, does however mention the use of 'a lenis Template:IPA' as a rare variant.) Stopping of initial Template:IPA, however, is frequent making then homophonous with den.
See also