Rift valley fever risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aakash Hans, MD[2]
Overview
Risk factors applicable to Rift valley fever are similar to other zoonotic diseases. Exposure to mosquitos feeding on infected animals is the main cause of acquiring the infection. All human activities and habits which expose them to mosquitos or the infected animals would qualify as risk factors of the disease.
Risk Factors
- Travel to endemic areas of RVF is associated with increased risk of exposure to the disease.
- Visiting rural areas and sleeping outside in locations where RVF incidence is high can increase exposure to mosquitos.
- Farmers, herdsman and veterinarians, who handle livestock in endemic areas increase their risk of exposure to the virus.
- Milking animals infected with RVF can increase the risk of transmission to humans [1]
- Skinning an animal with symptoms of RVF has also been seen to increase risk of exposure in humans. [2]
- Giving an animal infected with the virus, shelter at home, can lead to transmission of the virus from the animal to humans.[3]
- Birthing animals with symptoms of RVF can lead to significant exposure to humans performing said act.[4]
- Male gender, consuming raw milk of infected animals and coming in contact with aborted tissues of affected animals are associated with increased risk of transmission of RVF to humans.[5]
References
- ↑ Anyangu AS, Gould LH, Sharif SK et al. (2010) Risk factors for severe Rift Valley fever infection in Kenya, 2007. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 83(Suppl. 2), 14–21.
- ↑ LaBeaud AD, Muchiri EM, Ndzovu M et al. (2008) Interepidemic Rift Valley fever virus seropositivity, northeastern Kenya. Emerging Infectious Diseases 14, 1240–1246.
- ↑ Al-Azraqi TA, El Mekki AA & Mahfouz AA (2012) Rift Valley Fever in Southwestern Saudi Arabia: a sero-epidemiological study seven years after the outbreak of 2000-2001. Acta Tropica 123, 111–116.
- ↑ LaBeaud AD, Muiruri S, Sutherland LJ et al. (2011) Postepidemic analysis of Rift Valley fever virus transmission in northeastern Kenya: a village cohort study. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 5, e1265.
- ↑ Nicholas DE, Jacobsen KH, Waters NM. Risk factors associated with human Rift Valley fever infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Med Int Health. 2014;19(12):1420-1429. doi:10.1111/tmi.12385