Proteobacteria

Proteobacteria
Escherichia coli
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobacteria Stackebrandt et al., 1986
Orders
Alpha Proteobacteria    Caulobacterales - e.g. Caulobacter    Parvularculales    Rhizobiales - e.g. rhizobia    Rhodobacterales    Rhodospirillales - e.g. Acetobacter    Rickettsiales - e.g. Rickettsia    Sphingomonadales e.g. Sphingomonas Beta Proteobacteria    Burkholderiales - e.g. Bordetella    Hydrogenophilales    Methylophilales    Neisseriales - e.g. Neisseria    Nitrosomonadales    Rhodocyclales    Procabacteriales Gamma Proteobacteria    Acidithiobacillales    Aeromonadales - e.g. Aeromonas    Alteromonadales - e.g. Pseudoalteromonas    Cardiobacteriales    Chromatiales - purple sulfur bacteria    Enterobacteriales - e.g. Escherichia    Legionellales - e.g. Legionella    Methylococcales    Oceanospirillales    Pasteurellales - e.g. Haemophilus    Pseudomonadales - e.g. Pseudomonas    Thiotrichales - e.g. Thiomargarita    Vibrionales - e.g. Vibrio    Xanthomonadales - e.g. Xanthomonas Delta Proteobacteria    Bdellovibrionales - e.g. Bdellovibrio    Desulfobacterales    Desulfovibrionales    Desulfurellales    Desulfarcales    Desulfuromonadales - e.g. Geobacter    Myxococcales - Myxobacteria    Syntrophobacterales Epsilon Proteobacteria    Campylobacterales - e.g. Helicobacter    Nautiliales

WikiDoc Resources for Proteobacteria
Articles
Most recent articles on Proteobacteria Most cited articles on Proteobacteria Review articles on Proteobacteria Articles on Proteobacteria in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
Media
Powerpoint slides on Proteobacteria Images of Proteobacteria Photos of Proteobacteria Podcasts & MP3s on Proteobacteria Videos on Proteobacteria
Evidence Based Medicine
Cochrane Collaboration on Proteobacteria Bandolier on Proteobacteria TRIP on Proteobacteria
Clinical Trials
Ongoing Trials on Proteobacteria at Clinical Trials.gov Trial results on Proteobacteria Clinical Trials on Proteobacteria at Google
Guidelines / Policies / Govt
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Proteobacteria NICE Guidance on Proteobacteria NHS PRODIGY Guidance FDA on Proteobacteria CDC on Proteobacteria
Books
Books on Proteobacteria
News
Proteobacteria in the news Be alerted to news on Proteobacteria News trends on Proteobacteria
Commentary
Blogs on Proteobacteria
Definitions
Definitions of Proteobacteria
Patient Resources / Community
Patient resources on Proteobacteria Discussion groups on Proteobacteria Patient Handouts on Proteobacteria Directions to Hospitals Treating Proteobacteria Risk calculators and risk factors for Proteobacteria
Healthcare Provider Resources
Symptoms of Proteobacteria Causes & Risk Factors for Proteobacteria Diagnostic studies for Proteobacteria Treatment of Proteobacteria
Continuing Medical Education (CME)
CME Programs on Proteobacteria
International
Proteobacteria en Espanol Proteobacteria en Francais
Business
Proteobacteria in the Marketplace Patents on Proteobacteria
Experimental / Informatics
List of terms related to Proteobacteria

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Overview

The Proteobacteria are a major group (phylum) of bacteria. They include a wide variety of pathogens, such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio, Helicobacter, and many other notable genera. Others are free-living, and include many of the bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation. The group is defined primarily in terms of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences, and is named for the Greek god Proteus (also the name of a bacterial genus within the Proteobacteria), who could change his shape, because of the great diversity of forms found in this group.

All Proteobacteria are Gram-negative, with an outer membrane mainly composed of lipopolysaccharides. Many move about using flagella, but some are non-motile or rely on bacterial gliding. The last include the myxobacteria, a unique group of bacteria that can aggregate to form multicellular fruiting bodies. There is also a wide variety in the types of metabolism. Most members are facultatively or obligately anaerobic and heterotrophic, but there are numerous exceptions. A variety of genera, which are not closely related to each other, convert energy from light through photosynthesis. These are called purple bacteria, referring to their mostly reddish pigmentation.

Cavalier-Smith has postulated that Proteobacteria is part of the bacterial clade Gracilicutes.

Sections/Classes

The proteobacteria are divided into five sections, referred to by the Greek letters alpha through epsilon, again based on rRNA sequences. These are often treated as classes. Note the Gamma Proteobacteria are paraphyletic to the Beta Proteobacteria.

Alphaproteobacteria

The Alphaproteobacteria comprise most phototrophic genera, but also several genera metabolising C1-compounds (e.g. Methylobacterium), symbionts of plants (e.g. Rhizobia) and animals, and a group of dangerous pathogens, the Rickettsiaceae. Moreover the precursors of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells are thought to have originated in this bacterial group. (See endosymbiotic theory.)

Betaproteobacteria

The Betaproteobacteria consist of several groups of aerobic or facultative bacteria which are often highly versatile in their degradation capacities, but also contain chemolithotrophic genera (e.g. the ammonia-oxidising genus Nitrosomonas) and some phototrophs (genera Rhodocyclus and Rubrivivax). Beta Proteobacteria play an important role in nitrogen fixation in various types of plants, oxidizing ammonium to produce nitrite- an important chemical for plant function. Many of them are found in environmental samples, such as waste water or soil. Pathogenic species within this class are the Neisseriaceae (gonorrhea and meningoencephalitis) and species of the genus Burkholderia.

Gammaproteobacteria

The Gammaproteobacteria comprise several medically and scientifically important groups of bacteria, such as the Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrionaceae and Pseudomonadaceae. An exceeding number of important pathogens belongs to this class, e.g. Salmonella (enteritis and typhoid fever), Yersinia pestis (plague), Vibrio (cholera), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (lung infections in hospitalized or cystic fibrosis patients), and Escherichia coli O157:H7 (food posioning).

Deltaproteobacteria

The Deltaproteobacteria comprise a branch of predominantly aerobic genera, the fruiting-body-forming myxobacteria, and a branch of strictly anaerobic genera, which contains most of the known sulfate- (Desulfovibrio, Desulfobacter, Desulfococcus, Desulfonema, etc.) and sulfur-reducing bacteria (e.g. Desulfuromonas) alongside several other anaerobic bacteria with different physiology (e.g. ferric iron-reducing Geobacter and syntrophic Pelobacter and Syntrophus species).

Epsilonproteobacteria

The Epsilonproteobacteria consist of only a few genera, mainly the curved to spirilloid Wolinella, Helicobacter, and Campylobacter. Most of the known species inhabit the digestive tract of animals and humans and serve as symbionts (Wolinella in cows) or pathogens (Helicobacter in the stomach, Campylobacter in the duodenum). There have also been numerous environmental sequences of epsilons recovered from hydrothermal vent and cold seep habitats.

External links

• Proteobacteria information from Palaeos

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Cost Effectiveness of Proteobacteria

| group5 = Clinical Trials Involving Proteobacteria | list5 = Ongoing Trials on Proteobacteria at Clinical Trials.gov • Trial results on Proteobacteria • Clinical Trials on Proteobacteria at Google

| group6 = Guidelines / Policies / Government Resources (FDA/CDC) Regarding Proteobacteria | list6 = US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Proteobacteria • NICE Guidance on Proteobacteria • NHS PRODIGY Guidance • FDA on Proteobacteria • CDC on Proteobacteria

| group7 = Textbook Information on Proteobacteria | list7 = Books and Textbook Information on Proteobacteria

| group8 = Pharmacology Resources on Proteobacteria | list8 = AND (Dose)}} Dosing of Proteobacteria • AND (drug interactions)}} Drug interactions with Proteobacteria • AND (side effects)}} Side effects of Proteobacteria • AND (Allergy)}} Allergic reactions to Proteobacteria • AND (overdose)}} Overdose information on Proteobacteria • AND (carcinogenicity)}} Carcinogenicity information on Proteobacteria • AND (pregnancy)}} Proteobacteria in pregnancy • AND (pharmacokinetics)}} Pharmacokinetics of Proteobacteria •

| group9 = Genetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Proteinomics of Proteobacteria | list9 = AND (pharmacogenomics)}} Genetics of Proteobacteria • AND (pharmacogenomics)}} Pharmacogenomics of Proteobacteria • AND (proteomics)}} Proteomics of Proteobacteria

| group10 = Newstories on Proteobacteria | list10 = Proteobacteria in the news • Be alerted to news on Proteobacteria • News trends on Proteobacteria</small>

| group11 = Commentary on Proteobacteria | list11 = Blogs on Proteobacteria

| group12 = Patient Resources on Proteobacteria | list12 = Patient resources on Proteobacteria • Discussion groups on Proteobacteria • Patient Handouts on Proteobacteria • Directions to Hospitals Treating Proteobacteria • Risk calculators and risk factors for Proteobacteria

| group13 = Healthcare Provider Resources on Proteobacteria | list13 = Symptoms of Proteobacteria • Causes & Risk Factors for Proteobacteria • Diagnostic studies for Proteobacteria • Treatment of Proteobacteria

| group14 = Continuing Medical Education (CME) Programs on Proteobacteria | list14 = CME Programs on Proteobacteria

| group15 = International Resources on Proteobacteria | list15 = Proteobacteria en Espanol • Proteobacteria en Francais

| group16 = Business Resources on Proteobacteria | list16 = Proteobacteria in the Marketplace • Patents on Proteobacteria

| group17 = Informatics Resources on Proteobacteria | list17 = List of terms related to Proteobacteria

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