Potassium cyanide
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| Potassium cyanide | |
|---|---|
| Image:Kaliumcyanid.jpg | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| EINECS number | |
| RTECS number | TS8750000 |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | KCN |
| Molar mass | 65.12 g/mol |
| Melting point |
634°C |
| Solubility in other solvents | 71.6 g/100 ml (25°C) |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std enthalpy of formation ΔfH | −131.5 kJ/mol |
| Standard molar entropy S | 127.8 J.K–1.mol–1 |
| Hazards | |
| EU classification | Very toxic (T+) Dangerous for the environment (N) |
| R-phrases | R26/27/28, R32 R50/53 |
| S-phrases | (S1/2), S7, S28, S29 S45, S60, S61 |
| LD50 | 5–10 mg/kg (oral in rats, mice, rabbits)[1] |
| Related Compounds | |
| Other cations | Sodium cyanide |
| Related compounds | Hydrogen cyanide |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references | |
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Overview
Potassium cyanide is an inorganic compound with the formula KCN. This colorless crystalline compound, similar in appearance to sugar, is highly soluble in water. The vast majority of KCN is used in gold mining followed by use in organic synthesis, and electroplating. Smaller applications include jewelry for chemical gilding and buffing.[1]
Highly toxic, KCN is odorless but due to hydrolysis, the moist solid emits small amounts of hydrogen cyanide, which smells like bitter almonds (not everyone can smell it—the ability thereof is due to a genetic trait[1]). It is also used by entomologists as a killing agent in collecting jars, as most insects succumb within seconds, minimizing damage of even the most fragile types.
Production
KCN is produced by treating hydrogen cyanide with potassium hydroxide.[1] Approximately 50,000 tons are produced yearly (the production of sodium cyanide is 10x that amount). It is detoxified most efficiently with hydrogen peroxide:[1]
- KCN + H2O2 → KOCN + H2O
Applications
In gold mining, KCN and NaCN form water-soluble salts from gold metal in the presence of air:
- 4 Au + 8 KCN + O2 + 2 H2O → [Au(CN)2]- + 4 OH-
Very few methods exist for this extraction process.
KCN and the related NaCN are widely used in organic synthesis for the preparation of nitriles and carboxylic acids. Illustrative is the Von Richter reaction.
Toxicity
Cyanide is a potent inhibitor of cellular respiration, acting on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase and hence blocking oxidative phosphorylation. This prevents the body from oxidising food to produce useful energy. Lactic acidosis then occurs as a consequence of anaerobic metabolism. Initially, acute cyanide poisoning causes a red or ruddy complexion in the victim because the tissues are not able to use the oxygen in the blood. The effects of potassium cyanide are virtually identical to sodium cyanide. The person may die within two hours if not treated medically. During this period, convulsions may occur. Death occurs mainly by cardiac arrest.
A number of prominent Nazis, including Hermann Göring and Heinrich Himmler, committed suicide using lethal pills which contained potassium cyanide.[1] The substance was also used in the 1978 mass murder/suicide of over 900 people at Jonestown, Guyana.[1]
In fiction
Potassium cyanide (and other forms of cyanide) often appear in fiction. In crime fiction it is a popular choice as a murder weapon.
References
- Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (1997). "Cyanure de sodium. Cyanure de potassium". Fiche toxicologique n° 111, Paris:INRS, 6pp. (PDF file, in French)
- The Landlady by Roald Dahl
External links
- International Chemical Safety Card 0671
- Hydrogen cyanide and cyanides (CICAD 61)
- National Pollutant Inventory - Cyanide compounds fact sheet
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
- European Chemicals Bureau
- CSST (Canada)
- NIST Standard Reference Databasebg:Цианкалий
cs:Kyanid draselný da:Cyankalium de:Kaliumcyanidfr:Cyanure de potassium ko:사이안화 칼륨 lv:Kālija cianīds nl:Kaliumcyanide ja:シアン化カリウム no:Kaliumcyanidsk:Kyanid draselný sr:Калијум цијанид fi:Kaliumsyanidi sv:Kaliumcyanid vi:Xyanua kali
Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content
Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .
