Mitochondrial genome

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It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Mitochondrial DNA. (Discuss)

The mitochondrial genome is the genetic material of the mitochondria. The mitochondria are organelles that reproduce themselves semi-autonomously within eukaryotic cells.

The genetic material forming the mitochondrial genome is similar in structure to that of the prokaryotic genetic material. The mitochondrial chromosome is a circular DNA molecule, but unlike prokaryotes it is much smaller and several copies are present. This similarity supports the hypothesis that mitochondria arose from intracellular bacterial symbiotes, i.e. the endosymbiotic theory.

The mitochondria of a sexually-reproducing species are inherited maternally. In this way, mitochondrial genetic diseases can affect both males and females, but can only be transmitted by females to their offspring. The human mitochondrial genome consists of 16,569 base pairs, which encodes only 13 proteins, 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs.

Compared to the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial genome possesses some very interesting features:

• All the genes are carried on a single circular DNA molecule.
• The genetic material is not bounded by a nuclear envelope.
• The DNA is not packed into chromatin.
• The genome contains little non-coding DNA ("junk" DNA, or introns).
• Some codons do not follow the universal rules in translation. Instead they resemble those of purple non-sulfur bacteria.
• Some bases are considered part of two different genes: both as the last base of one gene and as the first base of the next gene.

See also

• mitochondrial DNA
• Human mitochondrial genetics

References

• San Mauro, Diego; David J. Gower, Rafael Zardoya and Mark Wilkinson (January 2006). "A hotspot of gene order rearrangement by tandem duplication and random loss in the vertebrate mitochondrial genome". Molecular Biology and Evolution 23: 227–234.
• Wolstenholme, D.R. 1992. Animal mitochondrial DNA: structure and evolution. Int. Rev. Cytol. 141: 173-216

External links

• Map of the human mitochondrial genome (Human Genome Project)
• Sequence data and related info (NCBI Organelle Genome Resources)
• Other mitochondrial info (Mitomap database)ca:Genoma mitocondrialhe:גנום מיטוכונדריאלי

ja:ミトコンドリアゲノム sr:Митохондријски геном

Acknowledgement and Attribution Regarding Sources of Content

Some of the initial content on this page may be incorporated in part from copyleft sources in the public domain including wikis such as Wikipedia and AskDrWiki. Drug information for patients came from the The National Library of Medicine. Infectious disease information may have come from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Differential Diagnoses are drawn from clinicians as well as an amalgamation of 3 sources: 1.The Disease Database; 2. Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:3; 3. Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:7 .