Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2], Alejandro Lemor, M.D. [3]
Overview
Risk factors for the development of either MERS-CoV infection or MERS-CoV-associated complications include recent travel to the Arabian Peninsula, exposure to patients with suspected or confirmed MERS-CoV infection, immunocompromised status, and history of prior systemic comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, active malignancy, chronic kidney disease, respiratory disease, liver disease, and chronic cardiac disease.
Risk Factors
The following are risk factors for the development of either MERS-CoV infection or MERS-CoV-associated complications:
Recent Travelers from the Arabian Peninsula
- The majority of MERS-CoV cases have been reported in the Arabian Peninsula.[1]
Close Contacts of an Ill Traveler from the Arabian Peninsula
- During the viral incubation period, individuals remain asymptomatic for up to 2 weeks following exposure and transmission.[1]
Close Contacts of a Confirmed or Probable Case of MERS-CoV
- It is not confirmed if human-to-human MERS-CoV transmission is possible. Nonetheless, the majority of infected patients had not reported a recent exposure to animals that might suggest zoonotic activity. Accordingly, exposure to infected patients is suspected to increase the risk of MERS-CoV infection.[1][2][3]
Immunocompromised Status
- Immunocompromised patients are at increased risk of developing MERS-CoV infection and MERS-CoV infection-associated complications.
Systemic Comorbidities
- The rates of MERS-CoV infection and MERS-CoV-associated complications are significantly higher among patients with chronic systemic comorbidities, such as:
- Diabetes mellitus
- Hypertension
- Active malignancy
- Chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
- Chronic cardiac disease
- Chronic liver disease
- Respiratory disease (e.g. COPD or cystic fibrosis)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "CDC MERS Interim Guidance for Health Professionals".
- ↑ Perlman, S. (2013). "The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome--How Worried Should We Be?". mBio. 4 (4): e00531–13–e00531–13. doi:10.1128/mBio.00531-13. ISSN 2150-7511.
- ↑ Assiri, Abdullah; McGeer, Allison; Perl, Trish M.; Price, Connie S.; Al Rabeeah, Abdullah A.; Cummings, Derek A.T.; Alabdullatif, Zaki N.; Assad, Maher; Almulhim, Abdulmohsen; Makhdoom, Hatem; Madani, Hossam; Alhakeem, Rafat; Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Cotten, Matthew; Watson, Simon J.; Kellam, Paul; Zumla, Alimuddin I.; Memish, Ziad A. (2013). "Hospital Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus". New England Journal of Medicine. 369 (5): 407–416. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1306742. ISSN 0028-4793.